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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)
☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016
or
 
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the transition period from                      to                      .
Commission File Number 001-36510

ZAFGEN, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 
 	 	 	
Delaware	 	20-3857670	
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)	 	(IRS Employer
Identification No.)	
Zafgen, Inc.
175 Portland Street, 4th Floor
Boston, Massachusetts 02114
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code:
(617) 622-4003
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value	 	The NASDAQ Global Market	
(Title of each class)	 	(Name of each exchange on which registered)	
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes ☐    No  ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	 	☐	  	Accelerated filer	 	☒	
 	 	 	 	
Non-accelerated filer	 	☐	  	Smaller reporting company	 	☐	
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the price of the registrant’s Common Stock as of June 30, 2016, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $65.7 million (based on the last reported sale price on the Nasdaq Global Market as of such date). As of March 1, 2017, there were 27,350,723 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The registrant intends to file a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. Portions of such definitive proxy statement are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents
ZAFGEN, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
For the Year Ended December 31, 2016

 	  	PAGE	 	
PART I	  	 	 	 	
Item 1. Business	  	 	4	 	
Item 1A. Risk Factors	  	 	27	 	
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments	  	 	57	 	
Item 2. Properties	  	 	57	 	
Item 3. Legal Proceedings	  	 	57	 	
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	  	 	57	 	
PART II	  	 	 	 	
Item  5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	  	 	58	 	
Item 6. Selected Financial Data	  	 	60	 	
Item  7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	  	 	61	 	
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	  	 	77	 	
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	  	 	79	 	
Item  9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	  	 	105	 	
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures	  	 	105	 	
Item 9B. Other Information	  	 	105	 	
PART III	  	 	 	 	
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	  	 	106	 	
Item 11. Executive Compensation	  	 	106	 	
Item  12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	  	 	106	 	
Item  13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	  	 	106	 	
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services	  	 	106	 	
PART IV	  	 	 	 	
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	  	 	107	 	
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary	  	 	109	 	
SIGNATURES	  	 	110	 	
 
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PART I
This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report, contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. We make such forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other federal securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:
 
 	•	 	the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, cash forecasts and capital requirements;	
 
 	•	 	our plans to commercialize ZGN-1061 as a treatment for metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to successfully complete a Phase 1 clinical trial of ZGN-1061, and successfully advance ZGN-1061 into later-stage clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to dissociate effects of methionine aminopeptidase 2, or MetAP2, inhibitors from pro-thrombotic effects or other adverse events observed in clinical development of beloranib;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to provide a compelling argument for improved safety of ZGN-1061 and other novel MetAP2 inhibitors relative to first-generation compounds, including beloranib;	
 
 	•	 	regulatory and political developments in the United States and foreign countries;	
 
 	•	 	the performance of our third-party contract manufacturers and clinical research organizations;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our proprietary assets;	
 
 	•	 	the size of the potential markets for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets;	
 
 	•	 	the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates for any indication once approved;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to obtain additional financing when needed;	
 
 	•	 	the success of competing products that are or become available for the indications that we are pursuing;	
 
 	•	 	the loss of key scientific or management personnel; and	
 
 	•	 	other risks and uncertainties, including those listed under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.	
Any forward-looking statements in this Annual Report reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Annual Report. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.
This Annual Report also contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain diseases, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, and the incidence and prevalence of certain medical conditions. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless
 
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otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources.
 
ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to significantly improving the health and well-being of patients affected by metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity. We are focused on developing novel therapeutics that treat the underlying biological mechanisms through the methionine aminopeptidase 2, or MetAP2, pathway. We have pioneered the study of MetAP2 inhibitors in both common and rare forms of obesity. Our lead product candidate is ZGN-1061, a novel fumagillin-class MetAP2 inhibitor administered by subcutaneous injection, which is currently being profiled for its utility in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity. We are conducting a Phase 1 clinical trial of ZGN-1061 in the Netherlands, and have completed dosing patients in the single ascending dose, or SAD, portion and are currently dosing patients in the multiple ascending dose, or MAD, portion. This clinical trial is evaluating ZGN-1061 for safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics while also gaining an early indication of weight loss efficacy over four weeks of treatment. We currently expect to complete dosing the patients in this Phase 1 clinical trial by the end of the first quarter of 2017, and report results early in the second quarter of 2017.
On July 19, 2016, we announced that we were refocusing our resources on the development of ZGN-1061 and suspended further development of beloranib, a first generation MetAP2 inhibitor, that we had been developing as a treatment for obesity and hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome, or PWS, and for hypothalamic injury-associated obesity, or HIAO. The Investigational New Drug application, or IND, for beloranib was placed on full clinical hold in December 2015 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, as a result of an imbalance in the number of thrombotic events observed in patients treated with beloranib as compared to patients on placebo in our clinical trials. To address the full clinical hold, we held a Type A meeting with the FDA in June 2016 to discuss the clinical and pre-clinical data for beloranib, as well as a proposed risk mitigation strategy for beloranib in PWS. Following our discussions with the FDA, a comprehensive review of our assets and clinical programs, and review of other considerations, we determined that the obstacles, costs and development timelines to obtain marketing approval for beloranib were too great to justify additional investment in the program, particularly given the promising emerging profile of ZGN-1061. In addition, in January 2016, we withdrew the IND submitted to the FDA for ZGN-839, a liver targeted MetAP2 inhibitor for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH, and abdominal obesity, in order to further support the submission package with additional pre-clinical and clinical data requested by the FDA, and in October 2016, we suspended further development of ZGN-839. We are now focusing all of our personnel and financial resources on ZGN-1061 and the discovery of highly differentiated MetAP2 inhibitors.
Obesity is a complex medical disorder involving appetite dysregulation and altered lipid and energy metabolism that results in excessive accumulation of fat tissue. ZGN-1061 acts through potent inhibition of MetAP2, an enzyme that modulates the activity of key cellular processes that control metabolism. MetAP2 inhibitors work, at least in part, by directing MetAP2 binding to cellular stress and growth factor mediators, thereby reducing the tone of signals that drive lipid synthesis by the liver and fat storage throughout the body. In this manner, MetAP2 inhibition serves the purpose of re-establishing balance to the ways the body stores and metabolizes fat and glucose. MetAP2 inhibitors reduce the production of new fatty acid molecules by the liver and help convert stored fats into useful energy, while reducing hunger. In the setting of type 2 diabetes, these processes lead to improvement of glycemic control.
ZGN-1061 was discovered by our researchers as part of a multi-year campaign to identify novel compounds that avoided limiting pre-clinical safety concerns observed with beloranib, including teratogenicity and effects on testicular function. To date, the compound has similar efficacy, potency, and range of activity in animal models
 
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of obesity as beloranib, but displays highly differentiated properties and improved safety margins in pre-clinical studies, supporting the value of the compound as a more highly optimized MetAP2 inhibitor. Further, the compound displays improved safety margins relative to beloranib for effects on thrombosis in dogs, an effect that correlates with reduced impact on endothelial cell proliferation  in vitro .
The chart below provides an overview of our product candidate portfolio.

In the figure above, T2D means type 2 diabetes.
Populations of Interest
Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
Obesity is a disease that has been increasing at an alarming rate with significant medical repercussions and associated economic costs. Since 1980, the worldwide obesity rate has more than doubled, with about 13% of the world’s adult population now being obese. The World Health Organization, or WHO, currently estimates that as many as 600 million people worldwide are estimated to be obese and more than 1.9 billion adults are estimated to be overweight. Being overweight or obese is also the fifth leading risk for global deaths, with approximately 3.4 million adults dying each year as a result.
According to the WHO, there are over 70 progressive obesity-related diseases and disorders associated with obesity, which are also known as comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, infertility and certain cancers. Worldwide, 44% of the diabetes burden, 23% of the heart disease burden and between 7% and 41% of certain cancer burdens are attributable to being overweight and obese.
We believe that this epidemic will continue to grow worldwide given dietary trends in developed nations that favor highly processed sugars, larger meals and fattier foods, as well as increasingly sedentary lifestyles. Despite the growing obesity rate, increasing public interest in the obesity epidemic and significant medical repercussions and economic costs associated with obesity, there continues to be a significant unmet need for effective treatments.
 
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Obesity in the General Population
We are focusing the clinical development of ZGN-1061 as a treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes who also are obese. We believe this patient population would benefit from MetAP2 inhibitor treatment through the improvement of type 2 diabetes and reduction of body weight and through improvement of severity or symptoms of other co-morbid conditions. We believe that MetAP2 inhibitors have the potential to offer this patient population, most of which is not adequately responsive to available therapies, substantial health and quality of life benefits. This patient population represents a significant burden to the health care systems globally.
The most effective current treatment for severe obesity is bariatric surgery, including procedures such as the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, adjustable gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy and biliopancreatic diversion. Bariatric surgery produces dramatic and sustained weight loss, ranging on average from 20% to 35% one year post-procedure and has been shown to positively impact overall mortality. However, there is a range of challenges that exist with bariatric surgery. In the short-term (1-2 years post-operation), it can result in numerous complications and adverse events including thrombotic events, such as pulmonary embolism, infection, internal bleeding, pulmonary disease and gastrointestinal obstruction, which sometimes require reoperation during the post-operative period. Over the long-term (up to 5 years post-operation), challenges of bariatric surgery include poor nutrient absorption, strictures and hernias.
A percentage of patients who undergo bariatric surgery may also experience the challenges of minimal weight loss and /or the regain of weight that has been lost. Additionally, while in the majority of cases, type 2 diabetes can be resolved in patients who receive bariatric surgery – there is a subset of patients who will continue to require management of their disease. For these patients who have “failed” bariatric surgery, and over time that group could expand to 30%-50% of patients who have the surgery – there may be no additional treatment options left for them to utilize.
Bariatric surgery eligibility criteria generally identify surgical candidates as those patients with body mass index, or BMIs, greater than 40 kg/m2, or those with BMIs over 35 kg/m2 who also have a significant and uncontrolled co-morbid condition. Based on these criteria, it is estimated conservatively that there will be at least 16 million adults in the United States eligible for bariatric surgery by the time a MetAP2 inhibitor could become available commercially. In addition to the BMI and co-morbidity eligibility criteria, patients need to satisfy a number of other criteria in order to have bariatric surgery; a severely obese patient must not have any known endocrine causes of obesity, a drug or alcohol problem, or an uncontrolled psychological condition, and must understand and appreciate the risks of the surgical intervention. According to the American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery and to HealthGrades, the average cost of bariatric surgery in the United States is approximately $22,000-$38,000. As a result of these limiting criteria and the financial commitments required, only approximately 200,000 patients undergo bariatric surgery each year even though over 16 million patients in the United States are eligible for the surgery based on BMI alone.
The pharmaceutical industry has undertaken several waves of activity to discover and develop new drugs for the treatment of obesity. Relative to bariatric surgery, pharmaceutical treatments have produced modest efficacy. In addition, existing pharmacotherapeutics for obesity often have undesirable adverse event profiles.
 
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The following table summarizes information from pivotal trials supporting registration for the current pharmacological treatments for long-term (1 year) treatment of obesity:

Treatment	  	% Placebo-
Adjusted Weight
Loss* in Patients
without T2DM**	  	% Placebo-
Adjusted Weight
Loss* in Patients
with T2DM	 	  	% Placebo-
Adjusted A1c
Change in
Patients with
T2DM	 	  	Product Limitations***	
orlistat	  	3%	  	 	2.9%	 	  	 	0.34%	 	  	Lower gastrointestinal effects	
 	 	 	 	 	
phentermine/topiramate
7.5mg/46 mg (target)
15mg/92 mg	  	3.5%

9.4%	  	 
	4.9%

6.9%	 

	-0.3%

-0.3%	 

 	  	Restricted distribution due to teratogenic potential	
 	 	 	 	 	
lorcaserin	  	3.3%	  	 	3.1%	 	  	 	-0.5%	 	  	Serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions	
 	 	 	 	 	
bupropion/naltrexone	  	3.2-4.1%	  	 	2%	 	  	 	-0.5%	 	  	Black box warning: antidepressant class labeling of risk of suicide	
 	 	 	 	 	
liraglutide 3.0 mg	  	4.5%	  	 	3.7%	 	  	 	-0.93%	 	  	Black box warning: risk of thyroid c-cell tumors, injection administration	
 
*	Placebo-adjusted weight loss or A1c change refers to the mean difference observed in drug-treated patients relative to that observed in placebo-treated patients. This analysis takes into account, at least in part, the impact of diet and lifestyle interventions employed in drug registration trials.	
**	Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)	
***	All of the products are contraindicated for use during pregnancy (Category X) because they induce weight loss.	
Data are from the package inserts or from primary publications when not available in the package insert.
Type 2 Diabetes
According to the International Diabetes Federation, in 2013, 382 million people worldwide were living with type 2 diabetes and that number is projected to increase to 592 million by 2035. In the United States alone, the Center for Disease Control estimated that there were 26 million people living with type 2 diabetes and an estimated 79 million people who were pre-diabetic in 2011. Standard therapies for type 2 diabetes include physician recommended diet and exercise, oral hypoglycemic drugs such as biguanides (metformin) for type 2 diabetes, through to a number of insulin options. Metformin is first line pharmacotherapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes primarily due to the extensive experience, low cost and favorable benefit risk associated with it. While metformin is likely to remain the initial choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, ZGN-1061 will compete with sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, thiazoladinediones, insulin, and various combination products. It is estimated that therapeutics have attained an 80% penetration rate into the diagnosed group of patients. The objective of each is to maintain a daily blood glucose level range recommended by a physician. Each of the current therapies alone has its limitations including numerous side effects. These side effects and the availability of a high number of treatment options, combined with the difficulty in daily management of glucose levels despite these treatments, creates a number of opportunities for a new agent to positively impact unmet medical need.
According to DR/Decision Resources, LLC, the diabetes drug market is estimated to be $35 billion and is on pace to grow to more than $71 billion by 2024. Pharmaceutical companies have been investigating new approaches to treating diabetes and market value has been maintained in the industry due to the introduction of
 
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these new products. We believe that ZGN-1061 MetAP2 inhibition serves the purpose of re-establishing balance to the ways the body stores and metabolizes fat and glucose. MetAP2 inhibitors reduce the production of new fatty acid molecules by the liver and help convert stored fats into useful energy, while reducing hunger. In the setting of type 2 diabetes, these processes lead to improvement of glycemic control.
The following table summarizes the current pharmacological treatments for the treatment of type 2 diabetes:

Treatment	  	A1c
Reduction	  	Key Advantages	  	Product Limitations	
First line	  	 	  	 	  	 	
 	 	 	 	
biguanide (metformin)	  	1-1.5%	  	Inexpensive, weight loss (up to ~3 kg from baseline), extensive experience	  	Gastrointestinal effects, lactic acidosis, vitamin B-12 deficiency	
 	 	 	 	
Second line	  	 	  	 	  	 	
 	 	 	 	
sulfonylurea (glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide)	  	1-1.5%	  	Inexpensive, extensive experience	  	Hypoglycemia and weight gain	
 	 	 	 	
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide)	  	1-1.5%	  	Weight loss (up to ~ 3 kg from baseline), rare hypoglycemia, improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, improvement in cardiovascular mortality (liraglutide), improved postprandial glucose excursions	  	Injection administration, gastrointestinal effects, risk of thyroid c-cell tumors	
 	 	 	 	
DPP4 Inhibitors (alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin)	  	0.5-1%	  	Rare hypoglycemia, well tolerated	  	Immune-mediated dermatological effects	
 	 	 	 	
SGLT2 Inhibitors (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin)	  	0.5-1.5%	  	Weight loss (up to ~3 kg from baseline), rare hypoglycemia, improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, improvement in cardiovascular mortality (empagliflozin)	  	Genitourinary infections, hypotension, increase in low density lipoproteins, diabetic ketoacidosis	
 	 	 	 	
thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone, rosiglitazone)	  	1-1.5%	  	Rare hypoglycemia, improvement in triglycerides and cardiovascular events	  	Weight gain, edema/heart failure, bone fracture	
 	
Insulins (under some circumstances may be first or second line)	
 	 	 	 	
Regular and Rapid-acting Insulins (aspart, glulisine, lispro, inhaled insulin)	  	Varied	  	Nearly universal response with theoretical unlimited efficacy	  	Largely injection administration, hypoglycemia, weight gain	
 	 	 	 	
Longer-acting Insulins (NPH, glargine, detemir, degludec)	  	Varied	  	Nearly universal response with theoretical unlimited efficacy	  	Injection administration, hypoglycemia, weight gain	
 	
Available combination products include: biguanide/sulfonylurea, biguanide/meglitinide, biguanide/thazolidinedione, biguanide/DPP4 inhibitor, biguanide/SGLT2 inhibitor, SGLT2 inhibitor/DPP4 inhibitor, long acting insulin/GLP-1 receptor agonist	
 
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Not included in ADA Primary Treatment Algorithm but may be used under specific circumstances	
 	 	 	 	
Meglitinides (nateglinide, repaglinide)	  	0.5-1%	  	Improved postprandial glucose excursions	  	Hypoglycemia, increased weight	
 	 	 	 	
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose, miglitol)	  	0.25-1%	  	Rare hypoglycemia, improved postprandial glucose excursions, nonsystemic	  	Modest efficacy, gastrointestinal side effects	
 	 	 	 	
Dopamine-2 agonist (bromocriptine)	  	0.5%	  	Rare hypoglycemia, improvement in cardiovascular events	  	Modest efficacy, dizziness/syncope, hypotension, nausea, fatigue, somnolence	
 	 	 	 	
Amylin mimetics (pramlintide)	  	0.25-0.5%	  	Weight loss (up to ~2.5 kg from baseline), improved postprandial excursion	  	Injection administration, modest efficacy, gastrointestinal side effects, hypoglycemia under some conditions, for use with mealtime insulin only	
 	 	 	 	
Bile acid sequestrant (colesevelam)	  	0.5%	  	Rare hypoglycemia, decreased low density lipoproteins	  	Modest efficacy, constipation, drug interaction, increased triglycerides	
Details derived from the American Diabetes Association, or ADA, Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2017: Pharmacologic Approaches to Diabetes Treatment, Diabetes Care 2017;40(Suppl. 1):S64–S74 with supplementary information from The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics: Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes, January 2017. A1C reduction estimates are from the package inserts.
Our Strategy
Our objective is to be a leader in the discovery, development and commercialization of novel therapies to significantly improve the health and well-being of patients affected by type 2 diabetes, obesity, and complex metabolic disorders. Key elements of our strategy include:
 
 	•	 	Advance the clinical development of MetAP2 inhibitors for the treatment of obese patients in the general population, including those who are candidates for bariatric surgery.  We believe the obese patient population would benefit from MetAP2 inhibitor treatment through the reduction of body weight and through improvement of other co-morbid conditions. Bariatric surgery results in significant weight loss, but the financial expense and the potential for complications, adverse events and longer-term side effects limit its overall adoption, and is limited in use, with approximately 200,000 patients in the United States undergoing bariatric surgery each year. Existing pharmacotherapies result in less weight loss than surgical options, and these therapies not only have undesirable side effects, but also have risk of abuse.	
 
 	•	 	Advance the clinical development of MetAP2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We believe the patient population of type 2 diabetes would benefit from MetAP2 inhibitor treatment through concomitant improvements in glycemic control, plasma lipid fractions, and body weight. These benefits were noted in our Phase 2b clinical trial ZAF-203, which studied the MetAP2 inhibitor beloranib in patients with both type 2 diabetes and obesity.	
 
 	•	 	Leverage the knowledge of our experienced team of drug developers that have deep expertise in the field of obesity, the function of MetAP2 inhibitors and metabolic diseases.  Our management team has deep expertise in type 2 diabetes, obesity and related metabolic diseases, the function of MetAP2 inhibitors, the strengths and weaknesses of current treatments for type 2 diabetes and obesity and the	
 
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 	ability to recognize the potential of novel therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Our team is complemented by highly experienced external consultants and collaborators in the areas of drug discovery, development and regulatory approval.	
 
 	•	 	Maintain flexibility in commercializing and maximizing the value of our earlier-stage research programs. While we intend to develop and commercialize ZGN-1061 for indications such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and other complex metabolic disorders, we may enter into strategic relationships with biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies to realize the full value of ZGN-1061 or our other earlier-stage research programs. For ZGN-1061, we may enter into one or more strategic relationships to access broader geographic markets or additional indications. These relationships could focus on specific patient populations and their caregivers, on regional development, or on distribution and sales of ZGN-1061.	
About ZGN-1061
ZGN-1061 acts through potent inhibition of MetAP2, an enzyme that modulates the activity of key cellular processes that control metabolism. MetAP2 inhibitors work, at least in part, by directing MetAP2 binding to cellular stress and growth factor mediators, thereby reducing the tone of signals that drive lipid synthesis by the liver and fat storage throughout the body. In this manner, MetAP2 inhibition serves the purpose of re-establishing balance to the ways the body stores and metabolizes fat and glucose. MetAP2 inhibitors reduce the production of new fatty acid molecules by the liver and help convert stored fats into useful energy, while reducing hunger. In the setting of type 2 diabetes, these processes lead to improvement of glycemic control.
ZGN-1061 was discovered by our researchers as part of a multi-year campaign to identify novel compounds that avoided limiting pre-clinical safety concerns observed with beloranib, including effects on testicular function. The compound has similar efficacy, potency, and range of desired pharmacological activities in animal models as other MetAP2 inhibitors, including beloranib. ZGN-1061 displays improved safety margins in pre-clinical studies relative to earlier MetAP2 inhibitors, supporting the value of the compound as a more highly optimized drug product candidate.
During pre-clinical development of ZGN-1061, we conducted research to understand the imbalance of thrombotic events observed in the course of beloranib clinical development. This research identified biomarkers associated with activation of blood clotting that subsequently were confirmed to be impacted in the setting of beloranib treatment in animals and cultured human endothelial cells. Before committing ZGN-1061 to clinical development, the compound was evaluated for its potential to augment blood clotting in these same models and was found to have a much larger margin of safety with respect to thrombosis.
Mechanism of Action
First-generation MetAP2 inhibitors, such as beloranib, were evaluated for their potential for treating obesity following publication of studies in the  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  in 2002 showing anti-obesity efficacy in animals treated with a prototype MetAP2 inhibitor. These studies showed that MetAP2 inhibitor treatment was associated with loss of fat tissue accompanied by an increase in fat oxidation, indicating a redirection of fuel usage toward utilization of stored fats as a source of energy. Reduced food intake also was observed in treated animals, suggesting either direct effects of the agent on central feeding regulation or activation of a feedback loop linking the release and oxidation of stored fat to appetite.
The MetAP2 inhibitor fumagillin was shown in 2004 to induce a novel protein-protein interaction involving MetAP2 and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1, or ERK1, a cell stress- and growth factor-stimulated kinase. This complex reduces the activation state of ERK1. A 2005 publication in  Diabetes  showed that animals lacking ERK1 resist both high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, supporting the hypothesis that attenuation of ERK activity could be an important component of the beneficial metabolic effects of MetAP2 inhibitor treatment. Additionally, several hormones well-documented to be involved in energy metabolism are affected by
 
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MetAP2 inhibitors, including leptin, adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor-21. These hormones are thought to contribute to the weight-reducing effects of MetAP2 inhibitors like ZGN-1061, and also are known to be involved in control of body weight, fat metabolism and glucose metabolism. This series of mechanistic effects leads to rapid and sustained reduction of excess body weight with ZGN-1061 treatment, such as has been observed in animal studies and our clinical trial experience to date.
An illustration of the MetAP2 inhibitor mechanism of action and therapeutic effects follows:

In the figure above, LDLc means low density lipoprotein and CRP means C-reactive protein.
Clinical Trials
Below is a summary of the Phase 1 clinical trial that is ongoing with ZGN-1061 as of the date of this Annual Report.
Phase 1 Clinical Trial
The ongoing ZGN-1061 Phase 1 clinical trial, ZAF-1061-101, is a randomized, double-blind (subject, principal investigator (PI), and site staff), placebo-controlled study consisting of a single ascending dose, or SAD, phase and a multiple ascending dose, or MAD, phase being conducted in the Netherlands. The SAD phase is designed to assess effects of ZGN-1061 at six ascending dose levels relative to placebo in male or female healthy volunteers with a BMI of 23 to <30 kg/m 2  (normal weight or overweight individuals). The MAD phase assesses effects of twice-weekly subcutaneous injections (eight doses in total) of ZGN-1061 over four weeks at three ascending dose levels relative to placebo, in male or female healthy volunteers with BMI 27-40 kg/m 2  (overweight or obese individuals). In addition to conventional safety and PK assessments, exploratory pharmacodynamic endpoints are also assessed. These measures are intended to provide a preliminary assessment of the potential of ZGN-1061 for weight management and inform Phase 2 clinical trial design.
Next Steps
We plan to submit an IND to the FDA after completion of our Phase 1 ZAF-1061-101 clinical trial, in support of a clinical trial to be conducted in the United States. With positive data from the ZAF-1061-101 clinical trial we also plan to conduct a Phase 2 clinical trial in Australia in obese patients with a subset of patients also having type 2 diabetes.
Pre-clinical
We have conducted toxicology studies of ZGN-1061 in support of clinical development. Based on the pre-clinical assessment, ZGN-1061 is not genotoxic. Dose selection and precautions for our ongoing Phase 1
 
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clinical trial have been informed by toxicology studies in rats, beagle dogs, and rabbits. Toxicological studies of up to one month in rats and dogs using single, daily or intermittent dosing have established no observed adverse effect levels at higher exposures relative to the anticipated human doses. At higher doses, the findings of toxicological importance were primarily injection site reactions in rats at high doses, as well as platelet reductions with bone marrow hypocellularity and morbidity at higher doses in dogs. Three month studies in the rat and dog are in-progress and will be complete prior to the start of the Phase 2 clinical trial program. Embryofetal toxicity studies in rats and rabbits are ongoing to determine the potential risk for the developing embryo or fetus to patients who are, or might become, pregnant.
Future Product Candidates
We are currently evaluating other second-generation MetAP2 inhibitors as potential development candidates for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, NASH and other metabolic disorders. These studies involve screening compounds with insights learned in our thrombosis investigations and also looking at whether our second generation compounds could be amenable to non-injectable routes of delivery. We anticipate nominating one or more of these candidates for future development.
For information regarding amounts spent during each of the last three fiscal years on company-sponsored research and development activities, see Part II “Item 6—Selected Financial Data” of this Annual Report.
Manufacturing and Supply
ZGN-1061 is a small molecule drug that is chemically synthesized from raw materials. The current process to produce ZGN-1061 for Phase 1 clinical trials involves synthesis of drug substance, and just-in-time formulation and production of sterile liquid drug product which can be stored frozen if needed. We are currently developing a lyophilized dosage form with longer shelf life for Phase 2 clinical trials. This drug product will include a sterile lyophilized vial and a pre-filled diluent syringe for reconstitution. The Phase 2 drug product is currently being manufactured at our drug product contract manufacturing organization, or CMO. The manufacturing processes for both drug substance and drug product are under active development and optimization and are not yet validated for commercialization. We control our clinical trial supply chain by periodically meeting to assess clinical trial material needs and status of supply. The clinical supply forecast is managed internally by a cross functional working group and is used to aid in decision making for current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, manufacturing as well as clinical kit packaging and labeling.
We currently have no manufacturing facilities and limited personnel with manufacturing experience. We rely on contract manufacturers to produce both drug substance and drug product required for our clinical trials. Any delays encountered with manufacturing activities, CMO scheduling or raw material supply could delay the manufacturing of finished drug product. No long-term supply agreements are in place with our contractors, and each batch is individually contracted under a work order, which is governed by a quality agreement. We plan to continue to rely upon contract manufacturers and, potentially, collaboration partners to manufacture commercial quantities of ZGN-1061, if approved. Our current scale of manufacturing is adequate to support all of our current needs for clinical trial supplies. For commercial quantities for larger populations, we will need to identify contract manufacturers or partners to produce ZGN-1061 on a larger scale.
Sales and Marketing
Based on our early stage of development, we have not yet established a commercial organization or distribution capabilities, nor have we entered into any partnership or co-promotion arrangements with an established pharmaceutical or biotechnology company. To develop the appropriate commercial infrastructure to launch ZGN-1061, we may either do so on our own or by establishing alliances with one or more pharmaceutical or other biotechnology company collaborators, depending on, among other things, the applicable indications, the related development costs and our available resources.
 
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Licenses
CKD License
In July 2009, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp. of South Korea, or CKD, pursuant to which we exclusively licensed beloranib from CKD on a worldwide basis, with the exception of South Korea. In consideration of such exclusive license, we paid an initial license fee to CKD, paid a one-time fee following initiation of a proof of concept trial, agreed to make milestone payments of up to $30.0 million (of which $7.5 million has been paid, including $3.3 million that was paid in the form of our common stock (valued at $3.6 million) as a result of an amendment to our license agreement and entry into a subscription agreement with CKD) to CKD upon the achievement of certain specified events, and agreed to pay a portion of sublicensing income to CKD. Furthermore, if we receive marketing approval for beloranib, we will pay single-digit royalties to CKD based on annual net sales of beloranib on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until the later to occur of (i) the expiration of the last to expire patent in such country within the CKD patent rights containing a valid claim covering beloranib or its use for which regulatory approval has been obtained in such country, or (ii) ten years from the first commercial sale of beloranib in such country. Pursuant to this agreement, we committed to using commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize beloranib. This agreement will remain in effect on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until royalties are no longer due in such country, subject to earlier termination by either party upon mutual consent, or in the event of uncured breach or insolvency on the part of the other party, or by us for any reason up to 60 days’ prior notice. We are no longer developing beloranib as a treatment for humans.
Children’s License
In January 2007, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with Children’s Medical Center Corporation, or Children’s, pursuant to which we exclusively licensed certain patent rights from Children’s on a worldwide basis. The licensed patent rights relate to decreasing the growth of fat tissue, and thereby cover the use of ZGN-1061 and related molecules as anti-obesity agents. In consideration of such exclusive license, we paid an initial license fee upon execution of the license to Children’s and annual maintenance fees through the fifth anniversary of the date of the license. We also agreed to make milestone payments to Children’s of up to $2.7 million (of which $0.4 million has been paid) with respect to the first licensed product and up to $1.3 million with respect to each subsequent licensed product, if any, that is a new chemical entity upon the achievement of certain specified events and to pay a portion of sublicensing income to Children’s. If we receive marketing approval for ZGN-1061, we will pay single-digit royalties to Children’s based on net sales of ZGN-1061 until the later to occur of (i) the expiration of the last to expire patent in such country within the licensed patents containing a valid claim covering ZGN-1061 or (ii) 15 years from the date of the agreement. This agreement will remain in effect for the longer of (i) 15 years and (ii) the life of the last expiring licensed patent, subject to earlier termination (x) by Children’s in the event of our insolvency or our failure to cure a breach within 60 days (30 days in the case of non-payment) of receiving written notice thereof, or (y) by us for any reason upon 120 days’ prior written notice. We are no longer developing beloranib as a treatment for humans.
Intellectual Property
We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business, including seeking and maintaining patents intended to cover our products and compositions, their methods of use and any other inventions that are important to the development of our business. We also rely on trade secrets to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection.
Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business, defend and enforce our patents, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing the valid and
 
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enforceable patents and proprietary rights of third parties. We also rely on know-how, continuing technological innovation and in-licensing opportunities to develop, strengthen and maintain the proprietary position of ZGN-1061 and our other development programs.
As of March 1, 2017, we own one pending U.S. patent application, one pending Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, patent application, and two pending U.S. provisional patent applications that relate to ZGN-1061.
As of March 1, 2017, we own 12 issued U.S. patents, and 14 pending U.S. patent applications with pending foreign counterpart applications, all of which relate to our internal efforts to discover novel MetAP2 inhibitors.
The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the date of filing the non-provisional application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or U.S. PTO, in granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over an earlier-filed patent. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be extended to recapture a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period. However, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term including the restoration period must not exceed 14 years following FDA approval. The duration of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is also twenty years from the earliest effective filing date. Our issued patents will expire on dates ranging from 2020 to 2032. However, the actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a claim by claim and country to country basis for each applicable product and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent.
Furthermore, the patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical products and processes like those we intend to develop and commercialize are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in such patents has emerged to date in the United States. The patent situation outside the United States is even more uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries can diminish our ability to protect our inventions, and enforce our intellectual property rights and more generally, could affect the value of intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents.
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our drugs and technology will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. We do not know whether any of the patent applications that we may file or license from third parties will result in the issuance of any patents. The issued patents that we own or may receive in the future, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar technology. Furthermore, our competitors may be able to independently develop and commercialize similar drugs or duplicate our technology, business model or strategy without infringing our patents. Because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of a drug we may develop, it is possible that, before any of our drugs can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of any such patent.
As a result of the America Invents Act of 2011, the United States transitioned to a first-inventor-to-file system in March 2013, under which, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent. This will require us to minimize the time from invention to the filing of a patent application.
 
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We may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets and unpatented know-how to protect our technology. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our consultants, scientific advisors and contractors and invention assignment agreements with our employees. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our consultants, contractors or collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. For more information, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Intellectual Property.”
Our commercial success will also depend in part on not infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. It is uncertain whether the issuance of any third-party patent would require us to alter our development or commercial strategies, or our drugs or processes, obtain licenses or cease certain activities. Our breach of any license agreements or failure to obtain a license to proprietary rights that we may require to develop or commercialize our future drugs may have a material adverse impact on us. If third parties prepare and file patent applications in the United States that also claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the U.S. PTO, to determine priority of invention.
In addition, substantial scientific and commercial research has been conducted for many years in the areas in which we have focused our development efforts, which has resulted in third parties having a number of issued patents and pending patent applications. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published only after 18 months from the priority date. The publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature frequently occurs substantially later than the date on which the underlying discoveries were made. Therefore, patent applications relating to drugs similar to ZGN-1061 and any future drugs, discoveries or technologies we might develop may have already been filed by others without our knowledge.
Competition
The biopharmaceuticals industry is highly competitive. There are many public and private biopharmaceutical companies, universities, governmental agencies and other research organizations actively engaged in the research and development of products that may be similar to our product candidates or address similar markets. It is probable that the number of companies seeking to develop products and therapies similar to our products will increase. Many of these and other existing or potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and may be better equipped to develop, manufacture and market products. These competitors may develop and introduce products and processes comparable or superior to ours.
Obesity
Surgical Approaches
Surgical approaches to treat obesity are becoming increasingly accepted and are believed to be the main form of competition to ZGN-1061 in this indication. Bariatric surgery eligibility criteria generally identify surgical candidates as those patients with BMIs greater than 40 kg/m2, or those with BMIs over 35 kg/m2 who also have a significant and uncontrolled co-morbid condition. Other potential competitors in the obesity market include bariatric service providers, and other potential approaches which utilize various implantable devices or surgical tools that have been approved by the FDA, such as EnteroMedics Inc.’s recently FDA-approved (January 2015) VBlock Therapy, or that are in development by companies such as Allergan, Inc., Boston Scientific Corporation, Covidien Ltd., EnteroMedics, Inc., GI Dynamics, Inc., Johnson & Johnson and Medtronic, Inc.
 
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Existing Obesity Drugs
In addition, ZGN-1061 may compete with orlistat, lorcaserin, phentermine/topiramate, bupropion/naltrexone and liraglutide, which are approved and currently marketed pharmaceutical products in the United States for the treatment of obesity. Several additional agents are also available in the United States (phentermine, phendimetrazine, benzphetamine and diethylpropion) however they are only indicated for short-term (a few weeks) administration. Overall, the available products are constrained in their ability to effectively treat patients with obesity either because of limitations in efficacy or because of safety restrictions.
Despite the large market opportunity for anti-obesity agents, there are relatively few competitive products in late-stage clinical development. There are a number of other pharmaceutical, biotechnology and device companies that are pursuing treatments for obesity.
Existing Type 2 Diabetes Drugs
Biguanides (metformin) is first line pharmacotherapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes primarily due to the extensive experience, low cost and favorable benefit risk associated with it. While metformin is likely to remain the initial choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, ZGN-1061 will compete with sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, thiazoladinediones, insulin, and various combination products. Although these pharmacotherapies are all effective to some extent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, they each have notable limitations, and have not been found to halt the progression of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, additional effective and durable options are needed.
There are a number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that have type 2 diabetes drugs that are pursuing products with unique mechanisms of action for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Government Regulation
Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug products such as ZGN-1061. Generally, before a new drug can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific to each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved by the regulatory authority.
U.S. Drug Development
In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and its implementing regulations. Drugs are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include, among other actions, the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, untitled or warning letters, voluntary product recalls, withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement, or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.
 
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Our product candidates must be approved by the FDA through the New Drug application, or NDA, process before they may be legally marketed in the United States. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:
 
 	•	 	Completion of extensive nonclinical, sometimes referred to as pre-clinical laboratory tests, pre-clinical animal studies and formulation studies in accordance with applicable regulations, including the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice, or GLP, regulations;	
 
 	•	 	Submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;	
 
 	•	 	Performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with applicable IND and other clinical trial-related regulations, sometimes referred to as good clinical practices, or GCPs, to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug for its proposed indication;	
 
 	•	 	Submission to the FDA of an NDA for a new drug;	
 
 	•	 	A determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of an NDA to file the NDA for review;	
 
 	•	 	Satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the drug is produced to assess compliance with the FDA’s current good manufacturing practice requirements, or cGMP, to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity;	
 
 	•	 	Potential FDA audit of the pre-clinical study and/or clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the NDA; and	
 
 	•	 	FDA review and approval of the NDA prior to any commercial marketing or sale of the drug in the United States.	
The data required to support an NDA is generated in two distinct development stages: pre-clinical and clinical. For new chemical entities, the pre-clinical development stage generally involves synthesizing the active component, developing the formulation and determining the manufacturing process, as well as carrying out non-human toxicology, pharmacology and drug metabolism studies in the laboratory, which support subsequent clinical testing. The conduct of the pre-clinical tests must comply with federal regulations, including GLPs. The sponsor must submit the results of the pre-clinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical protocol, to the FDA as part of the IND. An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational drug product to humans. The central focus of an IND submission is on the general investigational plan and the protocol(s) for human clinical trials. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA raises concerns or questions regarding the proposed clinical trials and places the IND on clinical hold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. The FDA may also impose clinical holds on a drug candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that could cause the clinical trial to be suspended or terminated.
The clinical stage of development involves the administration of the drug candidate to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the clinical trial sponsor’s control, in accordance with GCPs, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety and assess efficacy. Each protocol, and any subsequent amendments to the protocol, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and
 
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rights of clinical trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the informed consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries.
Clinical trials are generally conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap, known as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials. Phase 1 clinical trials generally involve a small number of healthy volunteers who are initially exposed to a single dose and then multiple doses of the product candidate. The primary purpose of these clinical trials is to assess the metabolism, pharmacologic action, side effect tolerability and safety of the drug. Phase 2 clinical trials typically involve studies in disease-affected patients to determine the dose required to produce the desired benefits. At the same time, safety and further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information is collected, as well as identification of possible adverse effects and safety risks and preliminary evaluation of efficacy. Phase 3 clinical trials generally involve large numbers of patients at multiple sites, in multiple countries (from several hundred to several thousand subjects) and are designed to provide the data necessary to demonstrate the efficacy of the product for its intended use, its safety in use, and to establish the overall benefit/risk relationship of the product and provide an adequate basis for physician labeling. Phase 3 clinical trials may include comparisons with placebo and/or other comparator treatments. The duration of treatment is often extended to mimic the actual use of a product during marketing. Generally, two adequate and well-controlled Phase 3 clinical trials are required by the FDA for approval of an NDA, although additional Phase 3 clinical trials may be required for certain indications.
Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These clinical trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical trials.
Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from animal or  in vitro  testing or other studies that suggest a significant risk for human subjects and any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA, the IRB, or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether or not a clinical trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the clinical trial. We may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives and/or competitive climate. Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the drug candidate and manufacturers, among other things, must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final drug product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drug candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.
 
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NDA and FDA Review Process
Following clinical trial completion, clinical trial data are analyzed to assess safety and efficacy. The results of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are then submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA, along with proposed labeling for the product and information about the manufacturing process and facilities that will be used to ensure product quality, results of analytical testing conducted on the chemistry of the drug, and other relevant information. The NDA is a request for approval to market the drug and must contain proof of safety and efficacy, which is demonstrated by extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing. The application includes both negative or ambiguous results of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials as well as positive findings. Data may come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and efficacy of a use of a product, or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational drug product to the satisfaction of the FDA. The submission of an NDA is subject to the payment of substantial user fees; a waiver of such fees may be obtained under certain limited circumstances. FDA approval of an NDA must be obtained before a drug may be offered for sale in the United States.
In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, an NDA or supplement to an NDA must contain data to assess the safety and efficacy of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers.
Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, as amended, each NDA must be accompanied by a user fee. The FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. According to the FDA’s fee schedule for fiscal year 2017, the user fee for an application requiring clinical data, such as an NDA, is $2,038,100. PDUFA also imposes an annual product fee for human drugs of $97,750 and an annual establishment fee of $512,200 on facilities used to manufacture prescription drugs. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business.
The FDA reviews all NDAs submitted before it accepts them for filing and may request additional information rather than accepting an NDA for filing. The FDA must make a decision on accepting an NDA for filing within 60 days of receipt. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA has 10 months from the filing date in which to complete its initial review of a standard new molecular-entity NDA and respond to the applicant, and six months from the filing date for a priority new molecular-entity NDA. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDAs, and the review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification.
After the NDA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA reviews the NDA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe and effective for its intended use, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with cGMP to assure and preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity. The FDA may refer applications for novel drug products or drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. In the case of obesity drugs, the FDA normally refers such drugs to the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. The FDA will likely re-analyze the clinical trial data, which could result in extensive discussions between the FDA and us during the review process. The review and evaluation of an NDA by the FDA is extensive and time consuming and may take longer than originally planned to complete, and we may not receive a timely approval, if at all.
Before approving an NDA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facilities for the new product to determine whether they comply with cGMPs. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements
 
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and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. In addition, before approving an NDA, the FDA may also audit data from clinical trials to ensure compliance with GCP requirements. After the FDA evaluates the application, manufacturing process and manufacturing facilities, it may issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application is not ready for approval. A Complete Response Letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies in the NDA identified by the FDA. The Complete Response Letter may require additional clinical data and/or an additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s), and/or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, pre-clinical studies or manufacturing. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application. Even if such data and information is submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data.
There is no assurance that the FDA will ultimately approve a drug product for marketing in the United States and we may encounter significant difficulties or costs during the review process. If a product receives marketing approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling or may condition the approval of the NDA on other changes to the proposed labeling, development of adequate controls and specifications, or a commitment to conduct post-market testing or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the effects of approved products. For example, the FDA may require Phase 4 testing which involves clinical trials designed to further assess drug safety and effectiveness and may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized. The FDA may also place other conditions on approvals including the requirement for a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, to assure the safe use of the drug. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA must submit a proposed REMS. The FDA will not approve the NDA without an approved REMS, if required. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of products. Product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards or if problems occur following initial marketing.
Expedited Development and Review Programs
The FDA has a Fast Track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new drugs and biological products that are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast Track designation applies to the combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor of a new drug or biologic may request the FDA to designate the drug or biologic as a Fast Track product at any time during the clinical development of the product. Unique to a Fast Track product, the FDA may consider for review sections of the marketing application on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the application, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the application and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the application.
Any product submitted to the FDA for marketing, including under a Fast Track program, may be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. Any product is eligible for priority review if it has the potential to provide safe and effective therapy where no satisfactory alternative therapy exists or a significant improvement in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a disease compared to marketed products.
 
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Any product is eligible for priority review if it treats a serious or life-threatening condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety and effectiveness compared to available therapies. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new drug or biologic designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review.
A product may be eligible for accelerated approval. Drug or biological products studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may receive accelerated approval, which means that they may be approved on the basis of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit, or on the basis of an effect on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, or IMM, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on IMM or other clinical benefit. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug or biological product receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical trials. If the FDA concludes that a drug shown to be effective can be safely used only if distribution or use is restricted, it will require such post-marketing restrictions as it deems necessary to assure safe use of the drug, such as:
 
 	•	 	distribution restricted to certain facilities or physicians with special training or experience; or	
 
 	•	 	distribution conditioned on the performance of specified medical procedures.	
The limitations imposed would be commensurate with the specific safety concerns presented by the drug. In addition, the FDA currently requires as a condition for accelerated approval, pre-approval of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product.
Additionally, a drug or biological product may be eligible for designation as a Breakthrough Therapy if the product is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over currently approved therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoint. The benefits of Breakthrough Therapy designation include the same benefits as Fast Track designation, plus intensive guidance from the FDA to ensure an efficient drug development program. Fast Track designation, priority review, accelerated approval and Breakthrough Therapy designation do not change the standards for approval but may expedite the development or approval process.
Pediatric Clinical Trials
The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA, was signed into law on July 9, 2012, and amended the FDCA. FDASIA requires that a sponsor who is planning to submit a marketing application for a drug or biological product that includes a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen or new route of administration submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan, or PSP, within sixty days of an end-of-Phase 2 meeting or as may be agreed between the sponsor and the FDA. The initial PSP must include an outline of the pediatric study or studies that the sponsor plans to conduct, including study objectives and design, age groups, relevant endpoints and statistical approach, or a justification for not including such detailed information, and any request for a deferral of pediatric assessments or a full or partial waiver of the requirement to provide data from pediatric studies along with supporting information. The FDA and the sponsor must reach agreement on the PSP. A sponsor can submit amendments to an agreed-upon initial PSP at any time if changes to the pediatric plan need to be considered based on data collected from nonclinical studies, early phase clinical trials, and/or other clinical development programs.
Post-Marketing Requirements
Following approval of a new product, a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company and the approved product are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, monitoring and recordkeeping activities, reporting to the applicable regulatory authorities of adverse experiences with the
 
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product, providing the regulatory authorities with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, and complying with promotion and advertising requirements, which include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions on promoting drugs for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the drug’s approved labeling (known as “off-label use”), limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and requirements for promotional activities involving the internet. Although physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses. Modifications or enhancements to the product or its labeling or changes of the site of manufacture are often subject to the approval of the FDA and other regulators, which may or may not be received or may result in a lengthy review process.
Prescription drug advertising is subject to federal, state and foreign regulations. In the United States, the FDA regulates prescription drug promotion, including direct-to-consumer advertising. Prescription drug promotional materials must be submitted to the FDA in conjunction with their first use. Any distribution of prescription drug products and pharmaceutical samples must comply with the U.S. Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or the PDMA, a part of the FDCA.
In the United States, once a product is approved, its manufacture is subject to comprehensive and continuing regulation by the FDA. The FDA regulations require that products be manufactured in specific approved facilities and in accordance with cGMP. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of our products in accordance with cGMP regulations. cGMP regulations require among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. These regulations also impose certain organizational, procedural and documentation requirements with respect to manufacturing and quality assurance activities. NDA holders using contract manufacturers, laboratories or packagers are responsible for the selection and monitoring of qualified firms, and, in certain circumstances, qualified suppliers to these firms. These firms and, where applicable, their suppliers are subject to inspections by the FDA at any time, and the discovery of violative conditions, including failure to conform to cGMP, could result in enforcement actions that interrupt the operation of any such facilities or the ability to distribute products manufactured, processed or tested by them. Discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer, or holder of an approved NDA, including, among other things, voluntary recall or withdrawal of the product from the market.
The FDA also may require post-approval testing, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 testing, risk minimization action plans and post-marketing surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product or place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, judicial or administrative enforcement, untitled or warning letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors, and civil or criminal penalties, among others. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under development.
Other Regulatory Matters
Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities following product approval are also subject to regulation by numerous regulatory authorities in addition to the FDA, including, in the United States, the Centers
 
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for Medicare & Medicaid Services, other divisions of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Occupational Safety & Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments. In the United States, sales, marketing and scientific/educational programs must also comply with state and federal fraud and abuse laws. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the U.S. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and more recent requirements in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or ACA. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. The handling of any controlled substances must comply with the U.S. Controlled Substances Act and Controlled Substances Import and Export Act. Products must meet applicable child-resistant packaging requirements under the U.S. Poison Prevention Packaging Act. Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.
The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including extensive record-keeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale of pharmaceutical products.
The failure to comply with regulatory requirements subjects firms to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines or other penalties, injunctions, voluntary recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals, or refusal to allow a firm to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. In addition, even if a firm complies with FDA and other requirements, new information regarding the safety or efficacy of a product could lead the FDA to modify or withdraw product approval. Prohibitions or restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future products marketed by us could materially affect our business in an adverse way.
Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the voluntary recall or discontinuation of our products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.
U.S. Patent Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity
Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of the FDA approval of our drug candidates, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, patent term restoration cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. The patent term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application, minus any time the applicant did not act with due diligence. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The U.S. PTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, we intend to apply for restoration of patent term for one of our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA.
Marketing exclusivity provisions under the FDCA can also delay the submission or the approval of certain marketing applications. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to obtain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new
 
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chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another drug based on the same active moiety, regardless of whether the drug is intended for the same indication as the original innovator drug or for another indication, where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement to one of the patents listed with the FDA by the innovator NDA holder. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example for new indications, dosages or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the modification for which the drug received approval on the basis of the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs containing the active agent for the original indication or condition of use. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the pre-clinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Pediatric exclusivity is another type of regulatory market exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods and patent terms. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent term, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric trial in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such a clinical trial.
European Union Drug Development
In the European Union, our future products may also be subject to extensive regulatory requirements. As in the United States, medicinal products can only be marketed if a marketing authorization from the competent regulatory agencies has been obtained.
Similar to the United States, the various phases of pre-clinical and clinical research in the European Union are subject to significant regulatory controls. Although the EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC has sought to harmonize the European Union clinical trials regulatory framework, setting out common rules for the control and authorization of clinical trials in the European Union, the European Union Member States have transposed and applied the provisions of the Directive differently. This has led to significant variations in the member state regimes. Under the current regime, before a clinical trial can be initiated it must be approved in each of the European Union countries where the clinical trial is to be conducted by two distinct bodies: the National Competent Authority, or NCA, and one or more Ethics Committees, or ECs. Under the current regime all suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions to the investigated drug that occur during the clinical trial have to be reported to the NCA and ECs of the Member State where they occurred. In April 2014, the European Union adopted a new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, which is set to replace the current Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC. It is expected that the new Clinical Trials Regulation will apply by October 2018. It will overhaul the current system of approvals for clinical trials in the European Union. Specifically, the new legislation, which will be directly applicable in all member states, aims at simplifying and streamlining the approval of clinical trials in the European Union. For instance, the new Clinical Trials Regulation provides for a streamlined application procedure via a single entry point and strictly defined deadlines for the assessment of clinical trial applications.
European Union Drug Review and Approval
In the European Economic Area, or EEA, which is comprised of the 28 Member States of the European Union plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein, medicinal products can only be commercialized after obtaining a Marketing Authorization, or MA. There are two types of marketing authorizations:
The Community MA, which is issued by the European Commission through the Centralized Procedure, based on the opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, of the European
 
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Medicines Agency, or EMA, and which is valid throughout the entire territory of the EEA. The Centralized Procedure is mandatory for certain types of products, such as biotechnology medicinal products, orphan medicinal products, and medicinal products containing a new active substance indicated for the treatment of AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, auto-immune and viral diseases. The Centralized Procedure is optional for products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EEA, or for products that constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or which are in the interest of public health in the European Union.
National MAs, which are issued by the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA and only cover their respective territory, are available for products not falling within the mandatory scope of the Centralized Procedure. Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in a Member State of the EEA, this National MA can be recognized in another Member States through the Mutual Recognition Procedure. If the product has not received a National MA in any Member State at the time of application, it can be approved simultaneously in various Member States through the Decentralized Procedure. Under the Decentralized Procedure an identical dossier is submitted to the competent authorities of each of the Member States in which the MA is sought, one of which is selected by the applicant as the Reference Member State, or RMS. The competent authority of the RMS prepares a draft assessment report, a draft summary of the product characteristics, or SPC, and a draft of the labeling and package leaflet, which are sent to the other Member States (referred to as the Member States Concerned) for their approval. If the Member States Concerned raise no objections, based on a potential serious risk to public health, to the assessment, SPC, labeling, or packaging proposed by the RMS, the product is subsequently granted a national MA in all the Member States (i.e. in the RMS and the Member States Concerned).
Under the above described procedures, before granting the MA, the EMA or the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety and efficacy.
European Union New Chemical Entity Exclusivity
In the European Union, new chemical entities, sometimes referred to as new active substances, qualify for eight years of data exclusivity upon marketing authorization and an additional two years of market exclusivity. This data exclusivity, if granted, prevents regulatory authorities in the European Union from referencing the innovator’s data to assess a generic application for eight years, after which generic marketing authorization can be submitted, and the innovator’s data may be referenced, but not approved for two years. The overall ten-year period will be extended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies.
Reimbursement
Sales of our products will depend, in part, on the extent to which our products will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations. These third-party payors are increasingly reducing reimbursements for medical products and services.
Additionally, the containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal and state governments, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our product candidate or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover our product candidate could reduce physician usage of the product candidate and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.
 
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The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or the MMA, established the Medicare Part D program to provide a voluntary prescription drug benefit to Medicare beneficiaries. Under Part D, Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in prescription drug plans offered by private entities which provide coverage of outpatient prescription drugs. Unlike Medicare Part A and B, Part D coverage is not standardized. Part D prescription drug plan sponsors are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs, and each drug plan can develop its own drug formulary that identifies which drugs it will cover and at what tier or level. However, Part D prescription drug formularies must include drugs within each therapeutic category and class of covered Part D drugs, though not necessarily all the drugs in each category or class. Any formulary used by a Part D prescription drug plan must be developed and reviewed by a pharmacy and therapeutic committee. Government payment for some of the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for products for which we receive marketing approval. However, any negotiated prices for our products covered by a Part D prescription drug plan will likely be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from non-governmental payors.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides funding for the federal government to compare the effectiveness of different treatments for the same illness. The plan for the research was published in 2012 by the Department of Health and Human Services, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Institutes for Health, and periodic reports on the status of the research and related expenditures are made to Congress. Although the results of the comparative effectiveness studies are not intended to mandate coverage policies for public or private payors, it is not clear what effect, if any, the research will have on the sales of our product candidates, if any such product or the condition that it is intended to treat is the subject of a trial. It is also possible that comparative effectiveness research demonstrating benefits in a competitor’s product could adversely affect the sales of our product candidates. If third-party payors do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our products after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a profitable basis.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the ACA, enacted in March 2010, has a significant impact on the health care industry. The ACA is intended to expand coverage for the uninsured while at the same time containing overall healthcare costs. With regard to pharmaceutical products, among other things, the ACA expands and increases industry rebates for drugs covered under Medicaid programs and makes changes to the coverage requirements under the Medicare Part D program. Pharmaceutical manufacturers are required to track certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals, including any “transfer of value” made or distributed to such entities, as well as any investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Manufacturers are required to annually report this information to CMS which posts the information on its website. The new presidential administration has indicated that enacting changes to the ACA is a legislative priority, and has alternatively discussed repealing and replacing the ACA. We do not know at this time what implications such changes, if enacted, would have on the ACA’s current requirements or on our future business. Changes to the ACA or other existing health care regulations could significantly impact our business and the pharmaceutical industry.
In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, started in April 2013. On January 2, 2013, then President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, which delayed for another two months the budget cuts mandated by these sequestration provisions of the Budget Control Act of 2011. The ATRA, among other things, also reduced Medicare payments to several providers,
 
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including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. We expect that additional federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, and in turn could significantly reduce the projected value of certain development projects and reduce our profitability.
In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the European Union do not follow price structures of the United States and generally tend to be significantly lower.
Employees
As of March 1, 2017, we employed 32 full-time employees, including 25 in research and development and 7 in general and administrative. We have never had a work stoppage, and none of our employees is represented by a labor organization or under any collective-bargaining arrangements. We consider our employee relations to be good.
Our Corporate Information
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 2005. Our principal executive offices are located at 175 Portland Street, 4th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, and our telephone number is (617) 622-4003. Our website address is www.zafgen.com.
Available Information
We make available free of charge through our website our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. We make these reports available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC. You can find, copy and inspect information we file at the SEC’s public reference room, which is located at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, DC 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for more information about the operation of the SEC’s public reference room. You can review our electronically filed reports and other information that we file with the SEC on the SEC’s web site at http://www.sec.gov. We also make available, free of charge on our website, the reports filed with the SEC by our executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders pursuant to Section 16 under the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after copies of those filings are provided to us by those persons. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.
 
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report, and in our other public filings before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. If any such risks or uncertainties actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could differ materially from the plans, projections and other forward-looking
 
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statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this Annual Report and in our other public filings. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related to Product Development, Regulatory Approval and Commercialization
We currently depend almost entirely on the success of one product candidate, ZGN-1061, which is currently in Phase 1 clinical development. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for ZGN-1061, or successfully commercialize ZGN-1061 if approved.
We currently have only one product candidate, ZGN-1061, in Phase 1 clinical development in the Netherlands, and our business currently depends almost entirely on its successful clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization. We currently have no drug products for sale and may never be able to develop marketable drug products. In order to conduct clinical trials in the United States we need to file an Investigational New Drug application, or IND with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. Because our business is almost entirely dependent upon this one product candidate, any setback in our pursuit of regulatory approval for ZGN-1061 would have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. The clinical trials of our product candidates are, and the manufacturing and marketing of our product candidates will be, subject to extensive and rigorous review and regulation by numerous government authorities in the United States and in other countries where we intend to test and, if approved, market any product candidate. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate, we must demonstrate through pre-clinical testing and clinical trials that the product candidate is safe and effective for use in each target indication. This process can take many years and will likely include post-marketing studies, or PMS, post-marketing requirements, or PMRs, and surveillance such as Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, which will require the expenditure of substantial resources beyond the proceeds we currently have on hand.
Furthermore, we are not permitted to market ZGN-1061 in the United States until we receive approval of a New Drug application, or NDA, from the FDA, or in any foreign countries until we receive the requisite marketing approval from such countries. Pursuant to the FDA’s draft guidance documents to industry related to the development of weight management drugs, in order to reasonably estimate the safety of a weight-management drug in an NDA, Phase 3 clinical trials must randomize approximately 3,000 subjects to active doses of the product and 1,500 subjects to placebo in clinical trials of one-year duration. Development of diabetes drugs requires approximately 2,500 subjects randomized to active doses of the product with 1,300 to 1,500 subjects exposed for a year and 300 to 500 subjects exposed for 18 months in order to estimate the safety of the drug in an NDA. In addition, it is anticipated that the FDA may require that their guidance for assessment of cardiovascular risk with diabetes products be followed which may require testing of 5,000 to 10,000 subjects. Meeting the requirements of the FDA or certain European regulatory authorities may require that we conduct additional pivotal clinical trials. Accordingly, obtaining approval of an NDA or Marketing Authorisation Application, or MAA, is a complex, lengthy, expensive and uncertain process.
The FDA and certain European regulatory authorities may delay, limit or deny approval of ZGN-1061 for many reasons, including, among others:
 
 	•	 	the FDA may not accept our IND for ZGN-1061 or may put it on clinical hold;	
 
 	•	 	we may not be able to demonstrate that ZGN-1061 is safe and effective to the satisfaction of the FDA and the European Medicines Agency, or EMA;	
 
 	•	 	the results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the FDA and EMA for marketing approval;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA and EMA may disagree with the number, design, size, duration, conduct or implementation of our clinical trials;	
 
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 	•	 	the FDA and EMA may require that we conduct additional clinical trials or pre-clinical studies;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA and EMA may not approve the formulation, labeling or specifications of ZGN-1061;	
 
 	•	 	the contract research organizations, or CROs, that we retain to conduct our clinical trials may take actions outside of our control that materially adversely impact our clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA and EMA may find the data from pre-clinical studies and clinical trials insufficient to demonstrate that ZGN-1061’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA and EMA may disagree with our interpretation of data from our pre-clinical studies and clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA and EMA may not accept data generated at our clinical trial sites;	
 
 	•	 	if and when our NDA is submitted and reviewed by an FDA advisory committee, the FDA may have difficulties scheduling an advisory committee meeting in a timely manner or the advisory committee may recommend against approval of our application or may recommend that the FDA require, as a condition of approval, additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, limitations on approved labeling or distribution and use restrictions;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA could require development of a REMS as a condition of approval or post-approval, or may not agree with our proposed REMS, or may impose additional requirements that limit the promotion, advertising, distribution, or sales of ZGN-1061;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA and EMA may find deficiencies with or not approve the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract; or	
 
 	•	 	the FDA and EMA may change their approval policies or adopt new regulations.	
Any of these factors, many of which are beyond our control, could jeopardize our ability to obtain and/or maintain regulatory approval for and successfully market ZGN-1061. Of the large number of drugs in development in the United States, only a small percentage will successfully complete the FDA regulatory approval process and be commercialized. Accordingly, even if we are able to obtain the requisite financing to continue to fund our development and clinical trials, we cannot assure you that ZGN-1061 or any other of our product candidates will be successfully developed or commercialized.
We are focused on developing MetAP2 inhibitors as treatments for metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity, but we may be unable to dissociate effects of MetAP2 inhibitors from pro-thrombotic effects or other adverse events observed in clinical development of beloranib which may adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals and commercialize our product candidates.
Our lead product candidate, ZGN-1061, is a MetAP2 inhibitor currently being profiled for its utility in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity. Our previous product candidate, beloranib, was a MetAP2 inhibitor focused on the treatment of obesity and hyperphagia in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, or PWS, and hypothalamic injury-associated obesity, or HIAO. The IND for beloranib was placed on full clinical hold in December 2015 by the FDA as a result of an imbalance in the number of thrombotic events observed in patients treated with beloranib as compared to placebo in our clinical trials. In July 2016, we announced that we were suspending development of beloranib as we had determined that the obstacles, costs and development timelines to obtain marketing approval for beloranib were too great to justify additional investment in the program, particularly given the promising emerging profile of ZGN-1061.
Although our pre-clinical animal studies to date suggest that ZGN-1061 has a reduced potential to impact thrombosis and an improved safety margin compared to beloranib, we are working to better understand the impact of MetAP2 inhibitor treatment on thrombotic activity more broadly and translate these observations to establish clinically useful biochemical markers. If a relationship between thrombotic events and our MetAP2
 
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inhibitors is established at therapeutically relevant exposures, or if we are unable to demonstrate a lack of impact of our MetAP2 inhibitors on thrombosis-associated clinical markers, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals and commercialize our product candidates such as ZGN-1061.
Favorable results from pre-clinical studies of ZGN-1061 to date are not necessarily predictive of the results of longer-term pre-clinical studies or clinical trials of ZGN-1061. Given the thrombosis findings in humans treated with beloranib, development costs for ZGN-1061 may be higher and we may be unable to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize ZGN-1061.
Favorable results from our pre-clinical studies of ZGN-1061 may not necessarily be predictive of the results from clinical trials. To date we have shown that ZGN-1061 has similar potency against the MetAP2 target and similar activity in mouse and rat models of obesity compared to beloranib. Toxicology studies in rats, rabbits and dogs have shown that ZGN-1061 is not exhibiting any testicular safety signals and activation of thrombosis-related biochemical markers compared to beloranib, which showed testicular toxicity and pro-thrombotic effects with a very low therapeutic margin and no margin for embryofetal toxicity. However, we can provide no assurance that the results of this pre-clinical development program will be replicated in clinical trials of ZGN-1061. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials after achieving positive results in pre-clinical and early-stage development. In particular, we have suffered significant setbacks in later-stage clinical trials of our former lead product candidate, beloranib, after achieving positive results in pre-clinical and clinical development, and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks in our development of ZGN-1061. The setbacks in later-stage clinical development have been caused by, among other things, pre-clinical findings made while clinical trials were underway or safety or efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including previously unreported or ununderstood adverse events. Moreover, pre-clinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials nonetheless failed to obtain FDA and/or EMA approval. If we fail to produce positive results in our clinical trials of ZGN-1061, the development timeline and regulatory approval and commercialization prospects for our leading product candidate, and, correspondingly, our business and financial prospects, would be materially adversely affected.
Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.
Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities such as the FDA to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. For example, common adverse events observed in patients treated with beloranib versus placebo include diarrhea, injection site bruising, dizziness, decreased appetite, anxiety and sleep disturbances (insomnia principally manifested as delayed onset of sleep and abnormal dreams), among others. In addition, an imbalance in the number of thrombotic events observed in patients treated with beloranib as compared to patients on placebo in our clinical trials was observed. We may see similar adverse events with ZGN-1061 as we saw with beloranib, and therefore, we will study many of these parameters in pre-clinical and clinical development for ZGN-1061.
Further, if ZGN-1061 receives marketing approval and we or others identify undesirable side effects caused by the product (or any other similar product) after the approval, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:
 
 	•	 	regulatory authorities may request that we withdraw the product from the market or may limit their approval of the product through labeling or other means;	
 
 	•	 	regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a contraindication or a precaution;	
 
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 	•	 	we may be required to change the way the product is distributed or administered, conduct additional clinical trials or change the labeling of the product;	
 
 	•	 	we may decide to remove the products from the marketplace;	
 
 	•	 	we could be sued and held liable for injury caused to individuals exposed to or taking our product candidates; and	
 
 	•	 	our reputation may suffer.	
Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates and significantly impact our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and generate revenues.
Failures or delays in the commencement or completion of our planned clinical trials of ZGN-1061 could result in increased costs to us and could delay, prevent or limit our ability to generate revenue and continue our business.
ZGN-1061 is currently in Phase 1 clinical development in the Netherlands and will require substantial further clinical development before we can submit an NDA to the FDA or an MAA to the EMA for its marketing approval.
Despite the guidance we may receive from the FDA and EMA, both of these regulatory authorities can change their positions on the acceptability of our clinical trial designs or the clinical endpoints selected, which may require us to complete additional clinical trials or impose stricter approval conditions than we currently expect. Successful completion of such clinical trials is a prerequisite to submitting an NDA to the FDA and an MAA to the EMA and, consequently, the ultimate approval and commercial marketing of ZGN-1061. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin or be completed on schedule, if at all, as the commencement and completion of clinical trials can be delayed or prevented for a number of reasons, including, among others:
 
 	•	 	the FDA, EMA or other governing bodies in Europe may deny permission to pursue clinical trials and/or indications we want to initiate;	
 
 	•	 	delays in regulatory filings or receiving regulatory approvals of INDs, or clinical trial authorization applications, or CTAs, that may be required;	
 
 	•	 	unfavorable results from our pre-clinical and /or non-clinical studies, or the FDA or EMA may require additional pre-clinical and /or non-clinical studies;	
 
 	•	 	delays in reaching or failing to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;	
 
 	•	 	inadequate quantity or quality of a product candidate or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials, for example delays in the manufacturing of sufficient supply of finished drug product;	
 
 	•	 	difficulties obtaining Institutional Review Board, or IRB, and/or ethics committee approval to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective site or sites in the United States or the European Union;	
 
 	•	 	challenges in recruiting and enrolling patients to participate in clinical trials, including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical trial sites, eligibility criteria for the clinical trial, the nature of the clinical trial protocol, the availability of approved effective treatments for the relevant disease and competition from other clinical trial programs for similar indications;	
 
 	•	 	severe or unexpected drug-related side effects experienced by patients in a clinical trial, including side effects previously identified in our previous clinical trials for beloranib;	
 
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 	•	 	the FDA or EMA may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation of data from clinical trials, or may change the requirements for approval even after it has reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	difficulties in retaining or recruiting clinical investigators and/or patients in our ongoing or future clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	reports from pre-clinical, non-clinical or clinical testing of other weight loss therapies that raise safety or efficacy concerns; and	
 
 	•	 	difficulties retaining patients who have enrolled in a clinical trial but may be prone to withdraw due to rigors of the clinical trial, lack of efficacy, side effects, screening and monitoring measures, personal issues or loss of interest.	
Clinical trials may also be delayed or terminated as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results. In addition, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the FDA, other regulatory authorities, the IRBs, or ethics committees, at the sites where the IRBs or ethics committees are overseeing a clinical trial, a data and safety monitoring board, or DSMB, or Safety Monitoring Committee, or SMC, overseeing the clinical trial at issue or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including, among others:
 
 	•	 	failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols;	
 
 	•	 	inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial sites by the FDA or EMA that reveals deficiencies or violations that require us to undertake corrective action, including the imposition of a partial clinical hold or a full clinical hold;	
 
 	•	 	unforeseen safety issues, including any that could be identified in our ongoing pre-clinical studies, adverse side effects or lack of effectiveness;	
 
 	•	 	changes in government regulations or administrative actions;	
 
 	•	 	problems with clinical supply materials; and	
 
 	•	 	lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.	
Changes in regulatory requirements, FDA guidance or guidance from EMA or unanticipated events during our clinical trials of ZGN-1061 may occur, which may result in changes to clinical trial protocols or additional clinical trial requirements, which could result in increased costs to us and could delay our development timeline.
Changes in regulatory requirements, FDA guidance or guidance from EMA or unanticipated events during our clinical trials may force us to adjust our clinical program or the FDA or EMA may impose additional clinical trial and/or pre-clinical study requirements. For instance, the FDA issued draft guidance on developing products for weight management in February 2007, and issued draft guidance on developing products for treatment of diabetes in February 2008 but these guidance documents may be revised in the near future. In December 2008, FDA established guidance on evaluating cardiovascular risk of new therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In March 2012, the FDA’s Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee met to discuss possible changes to how the FDA evaluates the cardiovascular safety of weight-management drugs and although new guidance has not been issued yet it may occur at any time. Amendments to our clinical trial protocols would require resubmission to the FDA or EMA, as well as IRBs and ethics committees for review and approval, which may adversely impact the cost, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays completing, or if we terminate, any of our clinical trials, or if we are required to conduct additional clinical trials and/or pre-clinical studies, the commercial prospects for ZGN-1061 may be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue will be delayed.
 
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We rely, and expect that we will continue to rely, on third parties to conduct any future clinical trials for ZGN-1061. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to develop and obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize ZGN-1061 and our business could be substantially harmed.
We enter into agreements with third-party CROs to provide monitors for and to manage data for our ongoing clinical trials. We rely heavily on these parties for execution of clinical trials for ZGN-1061 and control only certain aspects of their activities. As a result, we have less direct control over the conduct, timing and completion of these clinical trials and the management of data developed through the clinical trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Communicating with outside parties can also be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties in coordinating activities. Outside parties may:
 
 	•	 	have staffing difficulties;	
 
 	•	 	fail to comply with contractual obligations;	
 
 	•	 	experience regulatory compliance issues;	
 
 	•	 	undergo changes in priorities or become financially distressed; or	
 
 	•	 	form relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors.	
These factors may materially adversely affect the willingness or ability of third parties to conduct our clinical trials and may subject us to unexpected cost increases that are beyond our control. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal and regulatory requirements and scientific standards, and our reliance on CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with requirements for Good Clinical Practice, or GCPs, which are legal requirements enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for any products in clinical development. The FDA enforces these GCP regulations through periodic inspections of clinical trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites, IRBs, and other vendors that may be involved in the clinical development of new products. If we or our investigators or CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with GCPs. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with products produced under current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMPs’ regulations, to assure the identity, strength, quality, and purity of our drug product candidates being used in the clinical trials, as well as the to-be-marketed formulation and product. Our failure or the failure of our CROs and/or contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process and could also subject us to enforcement action, up to and including, civil and criminal penalties.
Although we do design our clinical trials for ZGN-1061, investigators and CROs conduct all of the clinical trials. As a result, many important aspects of our drug development programs are outside of our direct control. In addition, the investigators or CROs may not perform all of their obligations under arrangements with us or in compliance with regulatory requirements, but we remain responsible and are subject to enforcement action that may include civil penalties up to and including criminal prosecution for any violations of FDA laws and regulations during the conduct of our clinical trials. If the investigators or CROs do not perform clinical trials in a satisfactory manner, breach their obligations to us, or fail to comply with regulatory requirements, the development and commercialization of ZGN-1061 may be delayed or our development program materially and irreversibly harmed. We cannot control the amount and timing of resources these investigators or CROs devote to our program or ZGN-1061. If we are unable to rely on clinical data collected by our investigators or CROs, we could be required to repeat, extend the duration of, or increase the size of our clinical trials and this could significantly delay commercialization and require significantly greater expenditures.
 
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If any of our relationships with these third-party investigators or CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative investigators or CROs in a timely manner, or at all. If investigators or CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, any such clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize ZGN-1061. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for ZGN-1061 in the subject indication would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.
We rely completely on third-party suppliers to manufacture our clinical drug supplies for ZGN-1061, and we intend to rely on third parties to produce commercial supplies of ZGN-1061 and pre-clinical, clinical and commercial supplies of any future product candidate.
We do not currently have, nor do we currently plan to acquire, the infrastructure or capability to internally manufacture our clinical drug supply of ZGN-1061, or any future product candidates, for use in the conduct of our pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, and we lack the internal resources and the capability to manufacture any product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. The facilities used by our CMOs to manufacture the active drug substance and final drug product must be approved by our quality assurance unit and inspected by the FDA and other comparable foreign regulatory agencies.
We rely on our CMOs to comply with cGMPs for manufacture of raw materials, active drug substance and finished drug products. If our CMOs cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the regulatory requirements of the FDA or applicable foreign regulatory agencies, the CMOs will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. While we manage our quality expectations through an audit program for our vendors and suppliers, we have no direct control over our CMOs’ ability to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. Furthermore, our CMOs are engaged with third party vendors to supply and/or manufacture starting materials or components for them, which exposes our CMOs to regulatory risks for the production of such materials and components. As a result, failure to satisfy the regulatory requirements for the production of those materials and components may affect the regulatory clearance of our CMOs’ facilities generally. If the FDA or an applicable foreign regulatory agency does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws its approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would adversely impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates.
We rely completely on third-party suppliers to manufacture our pre-clinical and clinical drug supplies for ZGN-1061. Currently each batch of ZGN-1061 is individually contracted under a work order, which is governed by a quality and service agreement. The current drug substance manufacturing process will support pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials and will be further optimized to support advanced clinical development and commercialization. Current drug substance in inventory is expected to support Phase 1 clinical development and initiate Phase 2 clinical trials. The current drug product formulation has limited shelf life and is designed to support Phase 1 clinical development. A new formulation with longer shelf life is currently in development to support Phase 2 clinical development. The Phase 2 product is currently being manufactured at our drug product CMO.
Even if we receive marketing approval for ZGN-1061 in the United States, we may never receive regulatory approval to market ZGN-1061 outside of the United States.
We intend to pursue marketing approval of ZGN-1061 in the United States, the European Union and in other countries worldwide. In order to market any product outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with the numerous and varying safety, efficacy and other regulatory requirements of other countries, including potential additional clinical trials and/or pre-clinical studies. Approval procedures vary among
 
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countries and can involve additional product candidate testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approvals in other countries might differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The marketing approval processes in other countries may implicate all of the risks detailed above regarding FDA approval in the United States as well as other risks. In particular, in many countries outside of the United States, products must receive pricing and reimbursement approval before the product can be commercialized. Obtaining this approval can result in substantial delays in bringing products to market in such countries. In addition, on June 23, 2016, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom elected by referendum to leave the European Union, or Brexit. The effects of Brexit will depend on any agreements the United Kingdom makes to retain access to European Union markets either during a transitional period or more permanently. Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulation as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replace or replicate. Marketing approval in one country does not necessarily ensure marketing approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining marketing approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process or commercial activities in others. Failure to obtain marketing approval in other countries or any delay or other setback in obtaining such approval would impair our ability to market ZGN-1061 in such foreign markets. Any such impairment would reduce the size of our potential market, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and prospects.
Even if we receive marketing approval for ZGN-1061, it may not achieve broad market acceptance, which would limit the revenue that we generate from its sales.
The commercial success of ZGN-1061, if developed and approved for marketing by the FDA or EMA or other applicable regulatory authorities, will depend upon the awareness and acceptance of ZGN-1061 among the medical community, including physicians, patients, advocacy groups and healthcare payors. Market acceptance of ZGN-1061, if approved, will depend on a number of factors, including, among others:
 
 	•	 	the relative convenience and ease of subcutaneous injections as the necessary method of administration of ZGN-1061;	
 
 	•	 	the prevalence and severity of any adverse side effects associated with ZGN-1061;	
 
 	•	 	limitations or warnings contained in the labeling approved for ZGN-1061 by the FDA, EMA, or other regulatory authorities, such as a “black box” warning;	
 
 	•	 	availability of alternative treatments, including a number of competitive type 2 diabetes or obesity therapies already approved or expected to be commercially launched in the near future;	
 
 	•	 	the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;	
 
 	•	 	the strength of marketing and distribution support and timing of market introduction of competitive products;	
 
 	•	 	publicity concerning our products or competing products and treatments;	
 
 	•	 	pricing;	
 
 	•	 	the effectiveness of our sales and marketing strategies;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to increase awareness of ZGN-1061 through marketing efforts;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to obtain sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement;	
 
 	•	 	the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of third-party coverage; and	
 
 	•	 	the likelihood that the FDA may require development of a REMS, as a condition of approval or post-approval or may not agree with our proposed REMS or may impose additional requirements that limit the promotion, advertising, distribution or sales of ZGN-1061.	
 
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If ZGN-1061 is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by patients, advocacy groups, physicians and payors, we may not generate sufficient revenue from ZGN-1061 to become or remain profitable. Before granting reimbursement approval, healthcare payors may require us to demonstrate that, in addition to treating type 2 diabetes or obesity in patients, ZGN-1061 also provides incremental health benefits to patients. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors about the benefits of ZGN-1061 may require significant resources and may never be successful.
If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell ZGN-1061, we may not be able to generate any revenue.
We do not currently have an established infrastructure for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products. In order to market ZGN-1061, if approved by the FDA or any other regulatory body, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, or if we are unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects will be materially adversely affected.
Even if we receive marketing approval for ZGN-1061, we may still face future development and regulatory difficulties.
Even if we receive marketing approval for ZGN-1061, regulatory authorities may still impose significant restrictions on ZGN-1061’s indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies. ZGN-1061 will also be subject to ongoing FDA and EMA requirements governing the labeling, packaging, storage and promotion of the product and recordkeeping and submission of safety and other post-market information. The FDA has significant post-market authority, including, for example, the authority to require labeling changes based on new safety information and to require post-market studies or clinical trials to evaluate serious safety risks related to the use of a drug. The FDA also has the authority to require, as part of an NDA or post-approval, the submission of a REMS. Any REMS required by the FDA may lead to increased costs to assure compliance with new post-approval regulatory requirements and potential requirements or restrictions on the sale of approved products, all of which could lead to lower sales volume and revenue. Additionally, the FDA may require a PMS and/or PMRs, that could represent and result in additional restrictions and/or limitations for the product.
Manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMPs and other regulations. If we or a regulatory agency discover problems with ZGN-1061, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where ZGN-1061 is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on ZGN-1061, the manufacturer or us, including requiring withdrawal of ZGN-1061 from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we or the manufacturing facilities for ZGN-1061 fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may, among other things:
 
 	•	 	issue warning letters or untitled letters;	
 
 	•	 	seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;	
 
 	•	 	suspend or withdraw marketing approval;	
 
 	•	 	suspend any ongoing clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to applications submitted by us;	
 
 	•	 	suspend or impose restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements; or	
 
 	•	 	seize or detain products, refuse to permit the import or export of products, or request that we initiate a product recall.	
 
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Competing technologies could emerge, including devices and surgical procedures, adversely affecting our opportunity to generate revenue from the sale of ZGN-1061.
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. We have competitors in a number of jurisdictions, many of which have substantially greater name recognition, commercial infrastructures and financial, technical and personnel resources than we have. Established competitors may invest heavily to quickly discover and develop novel compounds that could make ZGN-1061 obsolete or uneconomical. Any new product that competes with an approved product may need to demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety to be commercially successful. Other competitive factors, including generic competition, could force us to lower prices or could result in reduced sales. In addition, new products developed by others could emerge as competitors to ZGN-1061. If we are not able to compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition and operations will suffer.
Our future growth depends, in part, on our ability to penetrate foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens and other risks and uncertainties.
Our future profitability will depend, in part, on our ability to commercialize ZGN-1061 in foreign markets for which we may rely on collaborations with third parties. If we commercialize ZGN-1061 in foreign markets, we would be subject to additional risks and uncertainties, including:
 
 	•	 	our customers’ ability to obtain reimbursement for ZGN-1061 in foreign markets;	
 
 	•	 	our inability to directly control commercial activities because we are relying on third parties;	
 
 	•	 	the burden of complying with complex and changing foreign regulatory, tax, accounting and legal requirements;	
 
 	•	 	different medical practices and customs in foreign countries affecting acceptance in the marketplace;	
 
 	•	 	import or export licensing requirements;	
 
 	•	 	longer accounts receivable collection times;	
 
 	•	 	longer lead times for shipping;	
 
 	•	 	language barriers for technical training;	
 
 	•	 	reduced protection of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries;	
 
 	•	 	foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; and	
 
 	•	 	the interpretation of contractual provisions governed by foreign laws in the event of a contract dispute.	
Foreign sales of ZGN-1061 could also be adversely affected by the imposition of governmental controls, political and economic instability, trade restrictions and changes in tariffs.
We are subject to healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.
Healthcare providers, physicians and others will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of ZGN-1061, if approved. Our future arrangements with third-party payors will expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute ZGN-1061, if we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:
 
 	•	 	The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.	
 
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 	•	 	The federal false claims laws impose criminal and civil penalties, including those from civil whistleblower or qui tam actions pursuant to the federal False Claims Act, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government.	
 
 	•	 	The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information.	
 
 	•	 	The federal false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.	
 
 	•	 	The federal transparency requirements, sometimes referred to as the “Sunshine Act,” under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, require manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies to report to the Department of Health and Human Services information related to physician payments and other transfers of value and physician ownership and investment interests.	
 
 	•	 	Analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws and transparency laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers, and some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures and drug pricing.	
Ensuring that our future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could be costly. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations, including anticipated activities to be conducted by our sales team, were found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines and exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, any of which could substantially disrupt our operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. If we are found to have improperly promoted off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, such as ZGN-1061, if approved. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. If we receive marketing approval for ZGN-1061, physicians may nevertheless prescribe ZGN-1061 to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion and required that they enter into corporate integrity agreements with the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, or OIG. The FDA has also requested that companies
 
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enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of ZGN-1061, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
Even if approved, reimbursement policies could limit our ability to sell ZGN-1061.
If approved by regulatory authorities, market acceptance and sales of ZGN-1061 will depend on reimbursement policies and may be affected by healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for those medications. Cost containment is a primary concern in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere. Government authorities and these third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for ZGN-1061 and, if reimbursement is available, the level of such reimbursement. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, ZGN-1061. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize ZGN-1061.
In some foreign countries, particularly in Canada and European countries, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to strict governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take six to 12 months or longer after the receipt of regulatory approval and product launch. To obtain favorable reimbursement for the indications sought or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of ZGN-1061 with other available therapies. If reimbursement for ZGN-1061 is unavailable in any country in which we seek reimbursement, if it is limited in scope or amount, if it is conditioned upon our completion of additional clinical trials, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our operating results could be materially adversely affected.
Our development programs for our product candidates, which are primarily related to ZGN-1061, may require substantial financial resources and may ultimately be unsuccessful.
Our lead product candidate ZGN-1061 is in Phase 1 clinical development, and there are a number of FDA and certain European regulatory requirements that we must satisfy before we can commence later-stage clinical trials of ZGN-1061. Satisfaction of these requirements will entail substantial time, effort and financial resources. We may never satisfy these requirements. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund operations for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report, but we may need to raise more funds to continue development and commercialization of ZGN-1061 and our other product candidates, which may not be easily available. Furthermore, any time, effort and financial resources we expend on our other early-stage development programs may adversely affect our ability to continue development and commercialization of ZGN-1061, and we may never commence clinical trials of such development programs despite expending significant resources in pursuit of their development. If we do commence clinical trials of our other potential product candidates, such product candidates may never be approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities.
Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property Rights
If we are unable to adequately protect our proprietary technology or maintain issued patents which are sufficient to protect ZGN-1061, others could compete against us more directly, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
Our commercial success will depend in part on our success in obtaining and maintaining issued patents and other intellectual property rights in the United States and elsewhere and protecting our proprietary technology. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability. Our owned patent application relates to compositions of matter and methods of treating obesity using ZGN-1061.
 
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As of March 1, 2017, we own one pending U.S. patent application, one pending Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, patent application, and two pending U.S. provisional patent applications that relate to ZGN-1061.
As of March 1, 2017, we own 12 issued U.S. patents, and 14 pending U.S. patent applications with pending foreign counterpart applications, all of which relate to our internal efforts to discover novel MetAP2 inhibitors.
We cannot provide any assurances that any of our pending patent applications that mature into issued patents will include claims with a scope sufficient to protect ZGN-1061 and our other product candidates. Other parties have developed technologies that may be related or competitive to our approach, and may have filed or may file patent applications and may have received or may receive patents that may overlap or conflict with our patent applications, either by claiming the same methods or formulations or by claiming subject matter that could dominate our patent position. The patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, including our patent position, involve complex legal and factual questions, and, therefore, the issuance, scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims that we may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated, or circumvented. U.S. patents and patent applications may also be subject to interference proceedings,  ex parte  reexamination, or  inter partes  review proceedings, supplemental examination and challenges in district court. Patents may be subjected to opposition, post-grant review, or comparable proceedings lodged in various foreign, both national and regional, patent offices. These proceedings could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own or exclusively license may not provide any protection against competitors. Furthermore, an adverse decision in an interference proceeding can result in a third party receiving the patent right sought by us, which in turn could affect our ability to develop, market or otherwise commercialize ZGN-1061 and our other product candidates.
Furthermore, though an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors may also be able to design around our patents. Other parties may develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries. If these developments were to occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our potential future sales.
Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It is difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor’s or potential competitor’s product. Any litigation to enforce or defend our patent rights, even if we were to prevail, could be costly and time-consuming and would divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.
In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If any of our patents covering ZGN-1061 are invalidated or found unenforceable, our financial position and results of operations would be materially and adversely impacted. In addition, if a court found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered ZGN-1061, our financial position and results of operations would also be materially and adversely impacted.
The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:
 
 	•	 	any of our patents, or any of our pending patent applications, if issued, will include claims having a scope sufficient to protect ZGN-1061 or any other products or product candidates;	
 
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 	•	 	any of our pending patent applications will issue as patents;	
 
 	•	 	we will be able to successfully develop and commercialize ZGN-1061, if approved, before our relevant patents expire;	
 
 	•	 	we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our patents and pending patent applications;	
 
 	•	 	we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions;	
 
 	•	 	others will not develop similar or alternative technologies that do not infringe our patents;	
 
 	•	 	any of our patents will be found to ultimately be valid and enforceable;	
 
 	•	 	any patents issued to us will provide a basis for an exclusive market for our commercially viable products, will provide us with any competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties;	
 
 	•	 	we will develop additional proprietary technologies or product candidates that are separately patentable; or	
 
 	•	 	that our commercial activities or products will not infringe upon the patents of others.	
We rely upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position, which we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees and our collaborators and consultants. We also have agreements with our employees and selected consultants that obligate them to assign their inventions to us and have non-compete agreements with some, but not all, of our consultants. It is possible that technology relevant to our business will be independently developed by a person that is not a party to such an agreement. Furthermore, if the employees and consultants who are parties to these agreements breach or violate the terms of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation, and we could lose our trade secrets through such breaches or violations. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors.
We may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which may prevent or delay our product development efforts and stop us from commercializing or increase the costs of commercializing ZGN-1061, if approved.
Our success will depend in part on our ability to operate without infringing the intellectual property and proprietary rights of third parties. We cannot assure you that our business, products and methods do not or will not infringe the patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties.
The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Other parties may allege that ZGN-1061 or the use of our technologies infringes patent claims or other intellectual property rights held by them or that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. Patent and other types of intellectual property litigation can involve complex factual and legal questions, and their outcome is uncertain. Any claim relating to intellectual property infringement that is successfully asserted against us may require us to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to be willfully infringing another party’s patents, for past use of the asserted intellectual property and royalties and other consideration going forward if we are forced to take a license. In addition, if any such claim were successfully asserted against us and we could not obtain such a license, we may be forced to stop or delay developing, manufacturing, selling or otherwise commercializing ZGN-1061.
Even if we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and divert management time and attention in pursuing these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. If we are unable to avoid infringing the patent rights of others, we may be required to seek a license, defend an infringement action
 
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or challenge the validity of the patents in court, or redesign our products. Patent litigation is costly and time consuming. We may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion. In addition, intellectual property litigation or claims could force us to do one or more of the following:
 
 	•	 	cease developing, selling or otherwise commercializing ZGN-1061;	
 
 	•	 	pay substantial damages for past use of the asserted intellectual property;	
 
 	•	 	obtain a license from the holder of the asserted intellectual property, which license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all; and	
 
 	•	 	in the case of trademark claims, redesign or rename the trademarks or trade names of our product candidates to avoid infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may not be possible and, even if possible, could be costly and time-consuming.	
Any of these risks coming to fruition could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.
We may also be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.
Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or U.S. PTO, and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case.
We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.
Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensors is not valid, is unenforceable and/or is not infringed, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.
Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if
 
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successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.
Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.
Issued patents covering our product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court.
If we or one of our licensing partners initiated legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering our product candidate, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge include alleged failures to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for unenforceability assertions include allegations that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the U.S. PTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, post grant review and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions, e.g., opposition proceedings. Such proceedings could result in revocation or amendment of our patents in such a way that they no longer cover our product candidates or competitive products. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to validity, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior act, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our business.
We do not seek to protect our intellectual property rights in all jurisdictions throughout the world and we may not be able to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights even in the jurisdictions where we seek protection.
Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries and jurisdictions throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States could be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. For example, an April 2014 report from the Office of the United States Trade Representative identified a number of countries, including India and China,
 
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where challenges to the procurement and enforcement of patent rights have been reported. Several countries, including India and China, have been listed in the report every year since 1989. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.
We are dependent on licensed intellectual property for certain early-stage product candidates. If we were to lose our rights to licensed intellectual property, we may not be able to continue developing or commercializing such product candidates, if approved.
We have an exclusive license with Children’s Medical Center Corporation, pursuant to which we exclusively licensed certain patent rights relating to decreasing the growth of fat tissue on a worldwide basis. We may enter into additional licenses to third-party intellectual property that are necessary or useful to our business. Current or future licensors may also allege that we have breached our license agreement and may accordingly seek to terminate our license with them. In addition, current or future licensors may decide to terminate our license at will. If successful, this could result in our loss of the right to use the licensed intellectual property, which could materially adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize a product candidate or product, if approved, as well as harm our competitive business position and our business prospects.
We have not yet registered trademarks for a commercial trade name for ZGN-1061 and failure to secure such registrations could adversely affect our business.
We have not yet registered trademarks for a commercial trade name for ZGN-1061. Any future trademark applications may be rejected during trademark registration proceedings. Although we would be given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the U.S. PTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. Moreover, any name we propose to use with our product candidates in the United States must be approved by the FDA, regardless of whether we have registered it, or applied to register it, as a trademark. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed product names, including an evaluation of potential for confusion with other product names. If the FDA objects to any of our proposed proprietary product names, we may be required to expend significant additional resources in an effort to identify a suitable substitute name that would qualify under applicable trademark laws, not infringe the existing rights of third parties and be acceptable to the FDA.
If we do not obtain additional protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and similar foreign legislation by extending the patent terms and obtaining data exclusivity for ZGN-1061, our business may be materially harmed.
Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of development and FDA marketing approval of ZGN-1061, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain
 
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patent term extension or restoration or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our ability to generate revenues could be materially adversely affected.
Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.
The United States has recently enacted and is currently implementing the America Invents Act of 2011, which is wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Further, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain future patents, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the U.S. PTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents or future patents.
We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.
Our employees have been previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we are not aware of any claims currently pending against us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers of our employees. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying money claims, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to develop and commercialize ZGN-1061, which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
General Company-Related Risks
We have recently reduced the size of our organization, and we may encounter difficulties in managing this development and restructuring, which could disrupt our operations. In addition, we may not achieve anticipated benefits and savings from the reduction.
In July 2016, our board of directors approved the suspension of further development of beloranib and a restructuring plan, pursuant to which our workforce was reduced by approximately 31% as of December 2016. The workforce reduction resulted in the loss of longer-term employees, the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise and the reallocation and combination of certain roles and responsibilities across the organization, all of which could adversely affect our operations. Given the complexity of our business, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, manage our facilities and continue to recruit and retain qualified personnel. This will be made more challenging given the workforce reduction described above. As a result, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities, and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these activities. Further, the restructuring and possible additional cost containment measures may yield unintended consequences, such as attrition beyond our intended workforce reduction and reduced employee morale. In addition, we may not achieve anticipated benefits from the workforce reduction. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage our operations or recruit and retain qualified personnel, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure and operations, risks that we may not be able to comply with legal and regulatory requirements, and loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. For example, the workforce reduction may negatively impact our clinical and regulatory functions, which would have a negative impact on our ability to successfully develop, and ultimately, commercialize ZGN-1061. If our management is
 
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unable to effectively manage this transition and workforce reduction and additional cost containment measures, our expenses may be more than expected and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. As a result, our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize ZGN-1061 successfully would be negatively affected.
Our future success depends on our ability to retain our executive officers, and particularly our current President and Chief Executive Officer, and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.
We are highly dependent on Dr. Thomas E. Hughes, our President and Chief Executive Officer. We have entered into a severance and change in control agreement with Dr. Hughes, but he may terminate his employment with us at any time. Although we do not have any reason to believe that we will lose the services of Dr. Hughes in the foreseeable future, the loss of his services might impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives. We also do not have any key-man life insurance on Dr. Hughes.
Our success also depends upon the principal members of our executive, medical and development teams. We have entered into a severance and change in control agreement with our executive officers and department vice president level employees, but they may terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of the services of any of these persons might impede the achievement of our development and commercialization objectives.
Our Chief Commercial Officer, Alicia Secor, resigned in July 2016, and our former President, Patrick Loustau, departed from the Company in August 2016. We also implemented a workforce reduction in July 2016 in connection with our restructuring plan following the suspension of further development of beloranib. With any change in leadership and workforce reduction, there is a risk to retention of employees, including other members of senior management, as well as the potential for disruption to business operations, initiatives, plans and strategies.
We rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us and may not be subject to our standard non-compete agreements. Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel and sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the workforce reduction and competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific personnel from universities and research institutions. Failure to succeed in clinical trials may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified scientific personnel.
Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including violating applicable regulatory standards and requirements or engaging in insider trading, which could significantly harm our business.
We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with the regulations of the FDA and applicable non-U.S. regulators, provide accurate information to the FDA and applicable non-U.S. regulators, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of, including trading on, information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have
 
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adopted an insider trading policy and a code of conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may be ineffective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.
We face potential product liability exposure, and, if claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability.
The use of beloranib and ZGN-1061 in clinical trials and the sale of ZGN-1061, if developed and approved, exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by patients, healthcare providers or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with ZGN-1061. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes injury or death or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, including as a result of interactions with alcohol or other drugs, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we become subject to product liability claims and cannot successfully defend ourselves against them, we could incur substantial liabilities. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in, among other things:
 
 	•	 	withdrawal of patients from our clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants;	
 
 	•	 	decreased demand for ZGN-1061 or any future product candidates following marketing approval, if obtained;	
 
 	•	 	damage to our reputation and exposure to adverse publicity;	
 
 	•	 	increased FDA warnings on product labels;	
 
 	•	 	litigation costs;	
 
 	•	 	distraction of management’s attention from our primary business;	
 
 	•	 	loss of revenue; and	
 
 	•	 	the inability to successfully commercialize ZGN-1061 or any future product candidates, if approved.	
We maintain product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials with a $10.0 million annual aggregate coverage limit. Nevertheless, our insurance coverage may be insufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses, including if insurance coverage becomes increasingly expensive. If and when we obtain marketing approval for ZGN-1061, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may not be able to obtain this product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceedings, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, particularly in light of the size of our business and financial resources. A product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline and, if we are unsuccessful in defending such a claim or claims and the resulting judgments exceed our insurance coverage, our financial condition, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
 
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We must maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, and if we are unable to do so, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.
We currently are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and we have taken advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
We must maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in order to accurately and timely report our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, as a public company, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requires, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures quarterly and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at the end of each fiscal year.
The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. These stringent standards require that our audit committee be advised and regularly updated on management’s review of internal control over financial reporting. Our management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements that are applicable to us as a public company. If we fail to staff our accounting and finance function adequately or maintain internal control over financial reporting adequate to meet the demands that will be placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our business and reputation may be harmed and our stock price may decline. Furthermore, investor perceptions of us may be adversely affected, which could cause a decline in the market price of our common stock.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain tax credit carryforwards may be subject to limitation.
Since our inception in 2005, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or our earned tax credits, due to our uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2016, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $49.1 million and $35.9 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2030, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, we did not record deferred tax assets of $12.8 million (gross) that were attributable to stock option exercises which will be recorded as an increase in additional paid in capital once they are realized in accordance with accounting for stock-based compensation awards. These deductions are not reflected in the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and the capitalized research and development expense deferred tax assets in the amounts of $9.4 million, $7.2 million, and $3.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, we also had available tax credit carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $13.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2021, respectively. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, changes in our ownership may limit the amount of our net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards that could be utilized annually to offset our future taxable income, if any. This limitation would generally apply in the event of a cumulative change in ownership of our company of more than 50% within a three-year period. Any such limitation may significantly reduce our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards before they expire. Our follow-on public offering, initial public offering, or IPO, private placements and other transactions that have occurred since our inception, may trigger such an ownership change pursuant to Section 382. Any such limitation, whether as the result of our recent follow-on public offering, IPO, prior private placements, sales of our common stock by our existing stockholders or additional sales of our common stock by us, could have a
material adverse effect on our results of operations in future years. We have not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 has occurred, or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our inception, due to the significant costs and complexities associated with such study.
 
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Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business, including, weakened demand for our product candidates and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption, or cause our customers to delay making payments for our services. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.
Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party CROs or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our ZGN-1061 development programs.
Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our third-party CROs and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such system failure or accident, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data for ZGN-1061 could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications or other data or applications relating to our technology or product candidates, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liabilities and the further development of ZGN-1061 could be delayed.
We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates.
The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize products based on our MetAP2 platform. Although ZGN-1061 is currently in clinical development, our research programs may fail to identify other potential product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons. Our research methodology may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates or our potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the products unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval.
If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and could potentially cause us to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.
We may seek to establish collaborations and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans or expand our internal efforts and growth.
Our drug development programs and the potential commercialization of our product candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. For some of our product candidates, we may decide to collaborate with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for the development and potential commercialization of those product candidates in some or all markets.
We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the U.S., the potential market for the applicable
 
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product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our product candidate. The terms of any collaboration or other arrangements that we may establish may not be favorable to us.
We may also be restricted under existing license agreements from entering into future agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators.
We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable or unwilling to do so, we may have to curtail the development of the product candidate for which we are seeking to collaborate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization in some or all markets or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense, including potentially increasing our infrastructure and investment outside the U.S.. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue. In addition such efforts may require diversion of a disproportionate amount of our attention away from other day-to-day activities, and require devotion of a substantial amount of our time to managing these expansion activities.
In addition, any future collaborations that we enter into may not be successful. The success of our collaboration arrangements will depend heavily on the efforts and activities of our collaborators. Collaborators generally have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations. Disagreements between parties to a collaboration arrangement regarding clinical development and commercialization matters can lead to delays in the development process or commercializing the applicable product candidate and, in some cases, termination of the collaboration arrangement. These disagreements can be difficult to resolve if neither of the parties has final decision-making authority. Collaborations with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies and other third parties often are terminated or allowed to expire by the other party. Any such termination or expiration would adversely affect us financially and could harm our business reputation.
We may acquire businesses or products, or form strategic alliances, in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such acquisitions or alliances.
We may acquire additional businesses or products, form strategic alliances or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. If we acquire businesses with promising markets or technologies, we may not be able to realize the benefit of such transactions if we are unable to successfully integrate such businesses with our existing operations and company culture. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefits or enhancing our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such transaction, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction.
 
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Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Capital
We have not generated any revenue from product sales. We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception, and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.
Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. Our operations to date have been limited primarily to organizing and staffing our company and conducting research and development activities for beloranib, ZGN-1061 and ZGN-839. We have never generated any revenue from product sales. We have not obtained regulatory approvals for any of our product candidates.
Since our inception and until recently, we focused substantially all of our efforts and financial resources on developing beloranib, which was in Phase 3 clinical development for our lead indication of the treatment of hyperphagia and obesity in patients with PWS and Phase 2 clinical development for the treatment of obesity in patients with HIAO. In December 2015, the FDA put the beloranib IND on full clinical hold. Due to the uncertainties, costs and risks associated with the development of beloranib, in July 2016, we suspended further development of beloranib and directed our efforts and financial resources to developing ZGN-1061. In October 2016, we suspended our development of ZGN-839 in order to focus all of our resources to developing ZGN-1061 and the discovery of novel and highly-differentiated MetAP2 inhibitors.
We have funded our operations to date through proceeds from sales of redeemable convertible preferred stock, convertible debt and proceeds from our IPO and follow-on public offering, and have incurred losses in each year since our inception. Our net losses were $57.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, we had an accumulated deficit of $237.5 million. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from costs incurred in connection with our development programs for beloranib, ZGN-1061 and ZGN-839, licensing milestone fees and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to incur increasing levels of operating losses over the next several years and for the foreseeable future. Our prior losses, combined with expected future losses, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital. We expect our research and development expenses will increase over time in connection with our clinical trials of ZGN-1061, and of any other product candidates we may choose to pursue. In addition, if and when we obtain marketing approval for ZGN-1061, we will incur significant sales, marketing and outsourced manufacturing expenses. We will continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant operating losses that would increase over time for the foreseeable future. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if at all. Even if we do become profitable, we may not be able to sustain or increase our profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
Our ability to become profitable depends upon our ability to generate revenue. To date, we have not generated any revenue from any of our product candidates, and we do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue. We do not expect to generate significant revenue unless and until we obtain marketing approval of, and begin to sell, ZGN-1061. Our ability to generate revenue depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:
 
 	•	 	initiate and successfully complete clinical trials that meet their clinical endpoints;	
 
 	•	 	initiate and successfully complete all safety studies required to obtain U.S. and foreign marketing approval for ZGN-1061 in the indications we are pursuing;	
 
 	•	 	commercialize ZGN-1061, if developed and approved, by developing a sales force or entering into collaborations with third parties; and	
 
 	•	 	achieve market acceptance of ZGN-1061 in the medical community and with third-party payors.	
 
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Absent our entering into a collaboration or partnership agreement, we expect to incur significant sales and marketing costs as we prepare to commercialize ZGN-1061. Even if we initiate and successfully complete our clinical trials of ZGN-1061, and ZGN-1061 is approved for commercial sale, and despite expending these costs, ZGN-1061 may not be a commercially successful drug. We may not achieve profitability soon after generating product sales, if ever. If we are unable to generate sufficient product revenue, we will not become profitable and may be unable to continue operations without continued funding.
We will need to raise additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.
Developing small molecule products is expensive, and we expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance ZGN-1061 into later stage clinical trials. Depending on the status of regulatory approval or, if approved, commercialization of ZGN-1061 or any of our other product candidates, as well as the progress we make in selling ZGN-1061 or any of our other product candidates, we may require additional capital to fund operating needs thereafter. We may also need to raise additional funds sooner if we choose to pursue additional indications and/or geographies for ZGN-1061 or our other product candidates or otherwise expand more rapidly than we presently anticipate.
As of December 31, 2016, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities were $129.2 million. We expect that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund our current operations for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report. However, our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or a combination of these approaches. In any event, we will require additional capital to obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize, our product candidates. Raising funds in the current economic environment may present additional challenges. Even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations.
Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities would dilute all of our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidate or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.
If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of any product candidate or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
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Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights.
We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations and strategic and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of common stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, a stockholder’s ownership interest in our company will be diluted. In addition, the terms of any such securities may include liquidation or other preferences that materially adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. Debt financing, if available, would increase our fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaboration, strategic partnerships and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to ZGN-1061, our intellectual property, future revenue streams or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
We expect that our stock price may fluctuate significantly.
The market price of shares of our common stock, similar to the market price of shares of common stock of other biopharmaceutical companies, is subject to wide fluctuations. From January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 the daily closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market ranged from a high of $10.04 to a low of $2.93 and will continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:
 
 	•	 	plans for, progress of, or results from pre-clinical studies and clinical trials of ZGN-1061 and/or other product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	the failure of the FDA to accept our planned IND for ZGN-1061;	
 
 	•	 	the failure of the FDA or the EMA to approve ZGN-1061;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to establish an adequate safety margin and profile for ZGN-1061, including risk of serious thromboembolic events;	
 
 	•	 	announcements of new products, technologies, commercial relationships, acquisitions or other events by us or our competitors;	
 
 	•	 	the success or failure of other type 2 diabetes or weight loss therapies;	
 
 	•	 	regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;	
 
 	•	 	failure of ZGN-1061, if successfully developed and approved, to achieve commercial success;	
 
 	•	 	fluctuations in stock market prices and trading volumes of similar companies;	
 
 	•	 	general market conditions and overall fluctuations in U.S. equity markets;	
 
 	•	 	variations in our quarterly operating results;	
 
 	•	 	changes in our financial guidance or securities analysts’ estimates of our financial performance;	
 
 	•	 	changes in accounting principles;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to raise additional capital and the terms on which we can raise it;	
 
 	•	 	sales of large blocks of our common stock, including sales by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders;	
 
 	•	 	additions or departures of key personnel;	
 
 	•	 	discussion of us or our stock price by the press and by online investor communities; and	
 
 	•	 	other risks and uncertainties described in these risk factors.	
 
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These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our common stock to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of common stock and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, the stock market in general, and NASDAQ listed and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. In the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock.
On October 21, 2015, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, against the Company and Thomas E. Hughes, captioned Aviad Bessler v. Zafgen, Inc. and Thomas E. Hughes, No. 1:15-cv-13618. An amended complaint was filed on February 22, 2016. The amended complaint alleges violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5 based on allegedly false and misleading statements and omissions regarding our clinical trials for beloranib. The lawsuit seeks, among other things, unspecified compensatory damages in connection with our allegedly inflated stock price between June 19, 2014 and October 16, 2015, as a result of those allegedly false and misleading statements, as well as punitive damages, interest, attorneys’ fees and costs. On April 7, 2016, we filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On August 9, 2016, the District Court granted the motion to dismiss and dismissed the amended complaint with prejudice. On August 12, 2016, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the First Circuit Court of Appeals and, on January 5, 2017, the parties completed briefing in connection with the appeal. The hearing on the plaintiffs’ appeal was held on March 7, 2017.
Our executive officers, directors, and principal stockholders exercise significant control over our company.
As of December 31, 2016, the existing holdings of our executive officers, directors, principal stockholders and their affiliates, including investment funds affiliated with Atlas Ventures, or Atlas, and entities affiliated with Fidelity Investment (FMR LLC), or Fidelity, represent beneficial ownership, in the aggregate, of approximately 35.4% of our common stock. As a result, these stockholders, if they act together, are able to influence our management and affairs and control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any sale, merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. The concentration of voting power among these stockholders may have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock. In addition, this concentration of ownership might adversely affect the market price of our common stock by:
 
 	•	 	delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of us;	
 
 	•	 	impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us; or	
 
 	•	 	discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.	
Future sales of our common stock may cause our stock price to decline.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur could significantly reduce the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise adequate capital through the sale of additional equity securities.
We have broad discretion in how we use the proceeds of our follow-on public offering. We may not use these proceeds effectively, which could affect our results of operations and cause our stock price to decline.
We have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds of our follow-on public offering. We intend to use the net proceeds to advance the clinical development of ZGN-1061 and to fund new and ongoing research and development activities, working capital and other general corporate purposes, which may include
 
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funding for the hiring of personnel, capital expenditures, early commercialization activities, the costs of operating as a public company and potential business development activities. As a result, investors will be relying upon management’s judgment with only limited information about our specific intentions for the use of the balance of the net proceeds. We may use the net proceeds for purposes that do not yield a significant return or any return at all for our stockholders. In addition, pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.
We may be at an increased risk of securities class action litigation.
Historically, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years.
On October 21, 2015, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, against the Company and Thomas E. Hughes, captioned Aviad Bessler v. Zafgen, Inc. and Thomas E. Hughes, No. 1:15-cv-13618. An amended complaint was filed on February 22, 2016. The amended complaint alleges violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5 based on allegedly false and misleading statements and omissions regarding our clinical trials for beloranib. The lawsuit seeks, among other things, unspecified compensatory damages in connection with the our allegedly inflated stock price between June 19, 2014 and October 16, 2015, as a result of those allegedly false and misleading statements, as well as punitive damages, interest, attorneys’ fees and costs. On April 7, 2016, we filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On August 9, 2016, the District Court granted the motion to dismiss and dismissed the amended complaint with prejudice. On August 12, 2016, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the First Circuit Court of Appeals and, on January 5, 2017, the parties completed briefing in connection with the appeal. The hearing on the plaintiffs’ appeal was held on March 7, 2017.
We are an “emerging growth company” and have availed ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we have taken advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. However, we are electing not to take advantage of such extended transition period, and as a result we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to not take advantage of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on any of the exemptions available under the JOBS Act. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.0 billion or more; (ii) December 31, 2019; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; and (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.
 
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We have never paid dividends on our common stock and we do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, any gains from an investment in our common stock will likely depend on whether the price of our common stock increases.
We have not paid dividends on any of our common stock to date and we currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gains for our common stockholders for the foreseeable future. Consequently, in the foreseeable future, our common stockholders will likely only experience a gain from their investment in our common stock if the price of our common stock increases.
If equity research analysts do not continue to publish research or reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.
The trading market for our common stock relies in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts. The price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity analysts downgrade our common stock or if analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.
Anti-takeover provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions which could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include provisions:
 
 	•	 	creating a classified board of directors whose members serve staggered three-year terms;	
 
 	•	 	authorizing “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend, and other rights superior to our common stock;	
 
 	•	 	limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers;	
 
 	•	 	limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings;	
 
 	•	 	requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors;	
 
 	•	 	controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings; and	
 
 	•	 	providing our board of directors with the express power to postpone previously scheduled annual meetings and to cancel previously scheduled special meetings.	
These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.
As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock.
Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.
 
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ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We have leased approximately 5,952 square feet of office space at 175 Portland Street, 4th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts from May 15, 2014 to July 31, 2017, with an option to extend for three additional years. We have also leased an additional approximately 2,976 square feet of office space on the second floor of the same location from April 15, 2015 to July 31, 2017, with two options to extend the lease for three additional years each. In January 2017, we extended the leases for both office spaces in Boston, Massachusetts with new terms expiring on July 31, 2020. We are currently in negotiations regarding the financial terms of these extensions. In addition, with the landlord’s consent, we have subleased the 2,976 square feet of office space on the second floor to an unrelated third party beginning on January 1, 2017 and expiring on December 31, 2017. We have also leased 3,079 square feet of office space in San Diego, California, from October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2019, with an option to extend the lease for five additional years. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current needs. When our leases expire, we may renew the existing leases or look for additional or alternate space for our operations. We believe that any additional space we may require will be available on commercially reasonable terms.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
On October 21, 2015, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, against the Company and Thomas E. Hughes, captioned Aviad Bessler v. Zafgen, Inc. and Thomas E. Hughes, No. 1:15-cv-13618. An amended complaint was filed on February 22, 2016. The amended complaint alleges violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5 based on allegedly false and misleading statements and omissions regarding our clinical trials for beloranib. The lawsuit seeks, among other things, unspecified compensatory damages in connection with the our allegedly inflated stock price between June 19, 2014 and October 16, 2015, as a result of those allegedly false and misleading statements, as well as punitive damages, interest, attorneys’ fees and costs. On April 7, 2016, we filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On August 9, 2016, the District Court granted the motion to dismiss and dismissed the amended complaint with prejudice. On August 12, 2016, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the First Circuit Court of Appeals and, on January 5, 2017, the parties completed briefing in connection with the appeal. The hearing on the plaintiffs’ appeal was held on March 7, 2017.
In the future, we may become party to legal matters and claims arising in the ordinary course of business, the resolution of which we do not anticipate would have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
 
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
Our common stock commenced trading under the symbol “ZFGN” on the NASDAQ Global Market on June 19, 2014. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock. Our common stock in our initial public offering, or IPO, priced at $16.00 per share on June 18, 2014. The following table sets forth on a per share basis, for the periods indicated, the low and high prices of our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market.

 	  	High	 	  	Low	 	
2015	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
First Quarter	  	$	55.36	 	  	$	30.56	 	
Second Quarter	  	$	41.04	 	  	$	28.75	 	
Third Quarter	  	$	47.98	 	  	$	30.75	 	
Fourth Quarter	  	$	36.09	 	  	$	5.43	 	
 	 	 	
2016	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
First Quarter	  	$	12.18	 	  	$	5.34	 	
Second Quarter	  	$	8.28	 	  	$	5.54	 	
Third Quarter	  	$	7.10	 	  	$	2.90	 	
Fourth Quarter	  	$	3.83	 	  	$	2.89	 	
On March 1, 2017, the last reported sales price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market was $4.02 and as of March 1, 2017, there were approximately 26 holders of record of our common stock. However, because many of our outstanding shares are held in accounts with brokers and other institutions, we believe we have more beneficial owners.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid dividends on our common stock and do not expect to pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Instead, we anticipate that all of our earnings in the foreseeable future will be used for the operation and growth of our business. Any future determination to declare dividends will be subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on various factors, including applicable laws, our results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, and any other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. In addition, the terms of our outstanding indebtedness restrict our ability to pay dividends, and any future indebtedness that we may incur could preclude us from paying dividends.
 
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Stock Performance Graph
This graph is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed “filed” with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.
The following graph shows the total stockholder return of an investment of $100 in cash on June 19, 2014 (the first day of trading of our common stock), through December 31, 2016 for (i) our common stock, (ii) the NASDAQ Composite Index and (iii) the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index. Pursuant to applicable Securities and Exchange Commission rules, all values assume reinvestment of the full amount of all dividends, however no dividends have been declared on our common stock to date. The stockholder return shown on the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future performance, and we do not make or endorse any predictions as to future stockholder returns.

Equity Compensation Plan Information
For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, see Part III “Item 12—Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.”
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
None.
 
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The selected financial data set forth below has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the audited consolidated financial statements, and the notes thereto, and other financial information included herein. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results.

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	2012	 	
 	 	(in thousands, except per share data)	 	
Statement of Operations Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	 	 	39,936	 	 	 	54,618	 	 	 	27,391	 	 	 	9,561	 	 	 	11,544	 	
General and administrative	 	 	18,289	 	 	 	19,195	 	 	 	8,141	 	 	 	4,219	 	 	 	2,247	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total operating expenses	 	 	58,225	 	 	 	73,813	 	 	 	35,532	 	 	 	13,780	 	 	 	13,791	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	 	 	(58,225	) 	 	 	(73,813	) 	 	 	(35,532	) 	 	 	(13,780	) 	 	 	(13,791	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	 	 	894	 	 	 	438	 	 	 	28	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	
Interest expense	 	 	(529	) 	 	 	(806	) 	 	 	(870	) 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(97	) 	
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net	 	 	(18	) 	 	 	(105	) 	 	 	(104	) 	 	 	(247	) 	 	 	8	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total other income (expense), net	 	 	347	 	 	 	(473	) 	 	 	(946	) 	 	 	(247	) 	 	 	(89	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	(57,878	) 	 	 	(74,286	) 	 	 	(36,478	) 	 	 	(14,027	) 	 	 	(13,880	) 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(92	) 	 	 	(213	) 	 	 	(67	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	 	$	(57,878	) 	 	$	(74,286	) 	 	$	(36,570	) 	 	$	(14,240	) 	 	$	(13,947	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (1)	 	$	(2.12	) 	 	$	(2.78	) 	 	$	(3.00	) 	 	$	(19.53	) 	 	$	(19.65	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	 	 	27,298	 	 	 	26,756	 	 	 	12,189	 	 	 	729	 	 	 	710	 	

 	 	December 31,	 	
 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	2012	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Balance Sheet Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities	 	$	129,194	 	 	$	185,079	 	 	$	115,462	 	 	$	35,517	 	 	$	9,935	 	
Working capital (2)	 	 	121,005	 	 	 	171,567	 	 	 	110,297	 	 	 	34,443	 	 	 	7,394	 	
Total assets	 	 	131,621	 	 	 	189,106	 	 	 	117,519	 	 	 	38,138	 	 	 	10,986	 	
Notes payable, net of discount, long term	 	 	—  	 	 	 	3,453	 	 	 	6,177	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	
Redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	103,797	 	 	 	62,785	 	
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	 	 	121,727	 	 	 	169,110	 	 	 	104,441	 	 	 	(68,574	) 	 	 	(54,729	) 	
 
(1)	See Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements for further details on the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders.	
(2)	We define working capital as current assets less current liabilities.	
 
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our “Selected Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from the results described, in or implied by, these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed above in the section entitled “Risk Factors.”
We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements made by us, which speak only as of the date they are made. We disclaim any obligation, except as specifically required by law and the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, to publicly update or revise any such statements to reflect any change in our expectations or in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements may be based, or that may affect the likelihood that actual results will differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to significantly improving the health and well-being of patients affected by metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity. We are focused on developing novel therapeutics that treat the underlying biological mechanisms through the methionine aminopeptidase 2, or MetAP2, pathway. We have pioneered the study of MetAP2 inhibitors in both common and rare forms of obesity. Our lead product candidate is ZGN-1061, a novel fumagillin-class MetAP2 inhibitor administered by subcutaneous injection, which is currently being profiled for its utility in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity. We are conducting a Phase 1 clinical trial of ZGN-1061 in the Netherlands, and have completed dosing patients in the single ascending dose, or SAD, portion and are currently dosing patients in the multiple ascending dose, or MAD, portion. This clinical trial is evaluating ZGN-1061 for safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics while also gaining an early indication of weight loss efficacy over four weeks of treatment. We currently expect to complete dosing the patients in this Phase 1 clinical trial by the end of the first quarter of 2017, and report results early in the second quarter of 2017.
On July 19, 2016, we announced that we were refocusing our resources on the development of ZGN-1061 and suspended further development of beloranib, a first generation MetAP2 inhibitor, that we had been developing as a treatment for obesity and hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome, or PWS, and for hypothalamic injury-associated obesity, or HIAO. The Investigational New Drug application, or IND, for beloranib was placed on full clinical hold in December 2015 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, as a result of an imbalance in the number of thrombotic events observed in patients treated with beloranib as compared to patients on placebo in our clinical trials. To address the full clinical hold, we held a Type A meeting with the FDA in June 2016 to discuss the clinical and pre-clinical data for beloranib, as well as a proposed risk mitigation strategy for beloranib in PWS. Following our discussions with the FDA, a comprehensive review of our assets and clinical programs, and review of other considerations, we determined that the obstacles, costs and development timelines to obtain marketing approval for beloranib were too great to justify additional investment in the program, particularly given the promising emerging profile of ZGN-1061. In connection with our corporate refocusing, we also reduced our workforce by approximately 31% as of December 2016. In addition, in January 2016, we withdrew the IND submitted to the FDA for ZGN-839, a liver targeted MetAP2 inhibitor for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH, and abdominal obesity, in order to further support the submission package with additional preclinical and clinical data requested by the FDA, and in October 2016, we suspended further development of ZGN-839. We are now focusing all of our personnel and financial resources on ZGN-1061 and the discovery of novel and highly-differentiated MetAP2 inhibitors.
 
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Obesity is a complex medical disorder involving appetite dysregulation and altered lipid and energy metabolism that results in excessive accumulation of fat tissue. ZGN-1061 acts through potent inhibition of MetAP2, an enzyme that modulates the activity of key cellular processes that control metabolism. MetAP2 inhibitors work, at least in part, by directing MetAP2 binding to cellular stress and growth factor mediators, thereby reducing the tone of signals that drive lipid synthesis by the liver and fat storage throughout the body. In this manner, MetAP2 inhibition serves the purpose of re-establishing balance to the ways the body stores and metabolizes fat and glucose. MetAP2 inhibitors reduce the production of new fatty acid molecules by the liver and help convert stored fats into useful energy, while reducing hunger. In the setting of type 2 diabetes, these processes lead to improvement of glycemic control.
ZGN-1061 was discovered by our researchers as part of a multi-year campaign to identify novel compounds that avoided limiting pre-clinical safety concerns observed with beloranib, including teratogenicity and effects on testicular function. To date, the compound has similar efficacy, potency, and range of activity in animal models of obesity as beloranib, but displays highly differentiated properties and improved safety margins in pre-clinical studies, supporting the value of the compound as a more highly optimized MetAP2 inhibitor. Further, the compound displays improved safety margins relative to beloranib for effects on thrombosis in dogs, an effect that correlates with reduced impact on endothelial cell proliferation  in vitro .
Since our inception in November 2005, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing beloranib, ZGN-1061, and ZGN-839, building our intellectual property portfolio, developing our supply chain, business planning, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for such operations. Prior to our initial public offering, or IPO, in June 2014, we funded our operations primarily through sales of redeemable convertible preferred stock and, to a lesser extent, through the issuances of convertible promissory notes. From our inception through our IPO in June 2014, we received gross proceeds of $104.0 million from such transactions. During June 2014, we completed our IPO with net proceeds of $102.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us. We also incurred offering costs of $2.5 million related to the IPO. On January 28, 2015, we completed a follow-on offering of our common stock, which resulted in the sale of 3,942,200 shares at a price of $35.00 per share. We received net proceeds from the follow-on offering of $130.0 million based upon the price of $35.00 per share after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us. We also incurred offering costs of $0.5 million related to the follow-on offering.
We have never generated any revenue and have incurred net losses in each year since our inception. We have an accumulated deficit of $237.5 million as of December 31, 2016. Our net loss was $57.9 million, $74.3 million and $36.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. These losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in connection with in-licensing of beloranib, research and development activities and general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future.
We expect to continue to incur expenses in connection with our ongoing activities, if and as we:
 
 	•	 	advance the development of ZGN-1061 through a Phase 1 clinical trial and if successful, later-stage clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	seek to identify additional product candidates and indications for our product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	seek to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	add operational, financial and management information systems;	
 
 	•	 	add personnel, including personnel to support our product development and future commercialization; and	
 
 	•	 	maintain, leverage and expand our intellectual property portfolio.	
As a result, we will need additional financing to support our continuing operations. Until such time that we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public, private equity, debt financings, or other sources, which may include collaborations with
 
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third parties. Arrangements with collaborators or others may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies or product candidates. In addition, we may never successfully complete development of any of our product candidates, obtain adequate patent protection for our technology, obtain necessary regulatory approval for our product candidates or achieve commercial viability for any approved product candidates. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy. We will need to generate significant revenue to achieve profitability, and we may never do so.
We expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2016, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Financial Operations Overview
Revenue
We have not generated any revenue from product sales since our inception, and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future. If our development efforts result in clinical success and regulatory approval or collaboration agreements with third parties for our product candidates, we may generate revenue from those product candidates or collaborations.
Operating Expenses
The majority of our operating expenses since inception have consisted primarily of in-licensing costs of beloranib, research and development activities, and general and administrative costs.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses, which consist primarily of costs associated with our product research and development efforts, are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of:
 
 	•	 	personnel costs, including salaries, related benefits and stock-based compensation for employees engaged in scientific research and development functions;	
 
 	•	 	third-party contract costs relating to research, formulation, manufacturing, pre-clinical studies and clinical trial activities;	
 
 	•	 	external costs of outside consultants;	
 
 	•	 	payments made under our third-party licensing agreements;	
 
 	•	 	sponsored research agreements;	
 
 	•	 	laboratory consumables; and	
 
 	•	 	allocated facility-related costs.	
We are currently primarily focused on developing ZGN-1061 and typically use our employee, consultant and infrastructure resources across our reach and development programs. We track outsourced development costs by product candidate or development program, but we do not allocate personnel costs, external consultant costs, payments made under our licensing agreements or other internal costs to specific development programs or product candidates unless the payments are specifically identifiable to a development program or product candidate. We record our research and development expenses net of any research and development tax incentives we are entitled to receive from government authorities.
Research and development activities are central to our business. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development,
 
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primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase in the foreseeable future as we pursue later stages of clinical development of our product candidates.
We cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of the current or future clinical trials of our product candidates or if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. The duration, costs, and timing of clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:
 
 	•	 	the scope, rate of progress, and expense of clinical trials and other research and development activities;	
 
 	•	 	clinical trial results;	
 
 	•	 	uncertainties in clinical trial enrollment rate or design;	
 
 	•	 	significant and changing government regulation;	
 
 	•	 	the timing and receipt of any regulatory approvals; and	
 
 	•	 	the FDA’s or other regulatory authority’s influence on clinical trial design.	
A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA, or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, consisting of salaries, related benefits and stock-based compensation, of our executive, finance, business and corporate development and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include travel expenses, allocated facility-related costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, insurance expenses, and professional fees for auditing, tax and legal services, including legal expenses to pursue patent protection of our intellectual property. We expect that general and administrative expenses will decrease during 2017 as compared to 2016 primarily due to reduced headcount and related costs.
Other Income (Expense)
Interest income. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash equivalents and marketable securities. Our interest income has not been significant due to low interest earned on invested balances. We anticipate that our interest income will decrease as we incur operating losses.
Interest expense. Interest expense relates to outstanding borrowings under the 2014 Credit Facility, consisting of the stated interest of 8.1% per year due on outstanding borrowings, a final payment of 6% of amounts drawn down that is being recorded as interest expense over the term through the maturity date using the effective-interest method, the amortization of deferred financing costs, the accretion of debt discounts relating to the 2014 Credit Facility, and a fee which was paid to the lender upon the completion of our IPO.
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net consists of the realized and unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency-denominated cash balances, vendor payables and tax-related receivables from the Australian government. We currently do not engage in hedging activities related to our foreign currency-denominated receivables and payables; as such, we cannot predict the impact of future foreign currency transaction gains and losses on our operating results. See “—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”
 
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Income Taxes
Since our inception in 2005, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or our earned tax credits, due to our uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2016, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $49.1 million and $35.9 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2030, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, we did not record deferred tax assets of $12.8 million (gross) that were attributable to stock option exercises which will be recorded as an increase in additional paid in capital once they are realized in accordance with accounting for stock-based compensation awards. These deductions are not reflected in the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and the capitalized research and development expense deferred tax assets in the amounts of $9.4 million, $7.2 million, and $3.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, we also had available tax credit carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $13.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2021, respectively.
JOBS Act
On April 5, 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, was signed into law. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for an “emerging growth company.” As an “emerging growth company,” we are electing not to take advantage of the extended transition period afforded by the JOBS Act for the implementation of new or revised accounting standards and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision not to take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable.
As an “emerging growth company” we are relying on other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. As such, we have elected not to (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404, (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis), and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. These exemptions apply for a period of five years following the completion of our IPO in June 2014 or until we no longer meet the requirements of being an “emerging growth company,” whichever is earlier.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. We believe that the estimates and assumptions involved in the accounting policies described below may have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements and, therefore, consider these to be our critical accounting policies. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. See also Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for information about these critical accounting policies as well as a description of our other significant accounting policies.
Research and Development Expenses
As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase
 
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orders, communicating with our personnel and outside vendors to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated costs incurred for the services when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual costs. The majority of our service providers invoice us in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule or when contractual milestones are met; however, some require advance payments. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to:
 
 	•	 	contract research organizations, or CROs, in connection with clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	investigative sites or other providers in connection with clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	vendors in connection with pre-clinical development activities; and	
 
 	•	 	vendors related to product candidate manufacturing, development and distribution of clinical supplies.	
We base our expenses related to clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple CROs that conduct and manage clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the clinical expense, pre-clinical expense, or manufacturing activities. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of patients, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, we have not made any material adjustments to our prior estimates of accrued research and development expenses.
Stock-Based Compensation
We have historically issued equity awards to employees, directors and consultants, generally in the form of options to purchase shares of our common stock and, to a lesser extent, shares of restricted common stock. We measure stock-based awards granted to employees and directors at fair value on the date of grant and recognize the corresponding compensation expense of those awards, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Generally, we issue stock options and restricted stock awards with only service-based vesting conditions and record the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. We measure stock-based awards granted to consultants and nonemployees at the fair value of the award on the date at which the related service is complete. Compensation expense is recognized over the period during which services are rendered by such consultants and nonemployees until completed. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to completion of the service, the fair value of these awards is re-measured using the then-current fair value of our common stock and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.
We estimate the fair value of each stock option grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and assumptions we make for the volatility of our common stock, the expected term of our stock options, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of our stock options and our expected dividend yield. Until completion of our IPO in June 2014, we were a private company and lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, we estimated our expected volatility based on the historical volatility of our publicly traded peer companies and expect to continue to do so until such time as we have adequate historical data regarding the volatility of our traded stock price. The expected term of our options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for
 
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awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options, while the expected term of our options granted to consultants and nonemployees has been determined based on the contractual term of the options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
The assumptions we used to determine the fair value of stock options granted to employees and directors are as follows, presented on a weighted average basis:

 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
Risk-free interest rate	  	 	1.40	% 	 	 	1.75	% 	 	 	1.90	% 	
Expected term (in years)	  	 	6.18	 	 	 	6.25	 	 	 	6.25	 	
Expected volatility	  	 	87	% 	 	 	87	% 	 	 	90	% 	
Expected dividend yield	  	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	
These assumptions represented our best estimates, but the estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of our judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different. We recognize compensation expense for only the portion of awards that are expected to vest. In developing a forfeiture rate estimate for pre-vesting forfeitures, we have considered our historical experience of actual forfeitures. If our future actual forfeiture rate is materially different from our estimate, our stock-based compensation expense could be significantly different from what we have recorded in the current period.
The following table summarizes the classification of our stock-based compensation expenses recognized in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Research and development	  	$	3,543	 	  	$	2,930	 	  	$	490	 	
General and administrative	  	 	6,390	 	  	 	5,652	 	  	 	1,063	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	9,933	 	  	$	8,582	 	  	$	1,553	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
As of December 31, 2016, we had an aggregate of $14.1 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation cost, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.2 years.
 
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Results of Operations
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Statement of Operations Data:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Revenue	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	39,936	 	  	 	54,618	 	  	 	(14,682	) 	
General and administrative	  	 	18,289	 	  	 	19,195	 	  	 	(906	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total operating expenses	  	 	58,225	 	  	 	73,813	 	  	 	(15,588	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	  	 	(58,225	) 	  	 	(73,813	) 	  	 	15,588	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Interest income	  	 	894	 	  	 	438	 	  	 	456	 	
Interest expense	  	 	(529	) 	  	 	(806	) 	  	 	277	 	
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net	  	 	(18	) 	  	 	(105	) 	  	 	87	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total other income (expense), net	  	 	347	 	  	 	(473	) 	  	 	820	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(57,878	) 	  	$	(74,286	) 	  	$	16,408	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Research and development expenses

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	    2016    	 	  	    2015    	 	  	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Direct research and development expenses by program:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Beloranib:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Pre-clinical and manufacturing	  	$	5,242	 	  	$	11,676	 	  	$	(6,434	) 	
Clinical trials	  	 	8,393	 	  	 	17,893	 	  	 	(9,500	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Subtotal	  	 	13,635	 	  	 	29,569	 	  	 	(15,934	) 	
Second-generation MetAP2 inhibitors, including ZGN-1061	  	 	7,593	 	  	 	5,842	 	  	 	1,751	 	
ZGN-839	  	 	858	 	  	 	4,854	 	  	 	(3,996	) 	
Discovery and screening	  	 	393	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	393	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Subtotal	  	 	22,479	 	  	 	40,265	 	  	 	(17,786	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Unallocated expenses:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Personnel related	  	 	8,694	 	  	 	6,122	 	  	 	2,572	 	
Non-cash stock-based compensation	  	 	3,543	 	  	 	2,930	 	  	 	613	 	
Consultants	  	 	3,256	 	  	 	3,772	 	  	 	(516	) 	
Other	  	 	1,964	 	  	 	1,529	 	  	 	435	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Subtotal	  	 	17,457	 	  	 	14,353	 	  	 	3,104	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total research and development expenses	  	$	39,936	 	  	$	54,618	 	  	$	(14,682	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased $14.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease was primarily due to a $15.9 million decrease in
 
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our beloranib program, and a decrease of $4.0 million associated with our ZGN-839 program, partially offset by increased costs of $3.1 million associated with our unallocated expenses and increased costs of $1.8 million in second-generation MetAP2 inhibitors, primarily related to ZGN-1061.
Of the decrease in our beloranib program, clinical trials and related expenses for beloranib decreased by $9.5 million period over period as a result of the status of our clinical trials in 2016 and 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we reported top-line clinical data from our Phase 2b clinical trial in patients with severe obesity complicated by type 2 diabetes and our U.S. Phase 3 clinical trial in patients with PWS. Prior to the FDA placing the IND for beloranib on full clinical hold in December 2015, we suspended dosing of patients in the randomized portion of both of these clinical trials in October 2015. In July 2016, we announced the suspension of our beloranib program. During the year ended December 31, 2015, both of the clinical trials noted above were ongoing, enrolling and dosing patients. Clinical trial activities undertaken by our Australian subsidiary are recorded net of a 45% research and development tax incentive from the Australian government. This tax incentive reduced our expenses by $0.3 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease in pre-clinical and manufacturing of $6.4 million period over period is due to stage of development as well as the fact that the beloranib IND was on full clinical hold during 2016, and in July 2016, we announced the suspension of our beloranib program. The decrease in ZGN-839 costs of $4.0 million period over period is due to the withdrawal of our IND in January 2016 in order to generate data from additional pre-clinical studies requested by the FDA. In October 2016, we suspended further development of ZGN-839. We are focusing all of our personnel and financial resources on ZGN-1061 and the discovery of novel and highly-differentiated MetAP2 inhibitors.
Costs associated with our second-generation MetAP2 inhibitors, primarily related to ZGN-1061 increased period over period by $1.8 million. The work in 2016 was specific to ZGN-1061, including work in chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology and contract manufacturing costs. Additionally, in the third quarter of 2016 we initiated the Phase 1 clinical trial for ZGN-1061. During the 2015 period, we were conducting research and screening activities on a number of second-generation MetAP2 inhibitors.
Unallocated expenses increased period over period primarily due to an increase in personnel related costs of $2.6 million, $0.6 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expense, and $0.4 million in other costs, partially offset by a decrease of $0.5 million in consultants. Personnel related expense increases resulted primarily from severance expense of $0.5 million as well as an increase in the number of employees for the first and second quarters of the 2016 period over the 2015 period. Subsequently, we had a reduction in workforce which took place in July 2016. Non-cash stock-based compensation expense was impacted by an increase in the annual stock option grant to employees during late March 2016. Other unallocated expenses were driven by increases in travel expenses and facilities expenses. Consultant costs decreased primarily related to our beloranib program which we suspended in July 2016.
General and administrative expenses

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	    2016    	 	  	    2015    	 	  	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Personnel related	  	$	4,401	 	  	$	4,285	 	  	$	116	 	
Non-cash stock-based compensation	  	 	6,390	 	  	 	5,652	 	  	 	738	 	
Professional fees	  	 	5,489	 	  	 	7,037	 	  	 	(1,548	) 	
Other	  	 	2,009	 	  	 	2,221	 	  	 	(212	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total general and administrative expenses	  	$	18,289	 	  	$	19,195	 	  	$	(906	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased $0.9 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in professional
 
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fees of $1.5 million primarily due to the fact that we were no longer working on branding and commercial-readiness related to PWS as we were on clinical hold throughout 2016, and then in July 2016 we suspended the development of our beloranib program. This decrease was partially offset by increased non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $0.7 million and increased personnel related costs of $0.1 million. The increase in non-cash stock-based compensation expense was due to the annual stock option grant to employees during late March 2016 as well as the annual board of director’s grant in late June 2016. Personnel related costs increased period over period primarily due to severance expense of $0.9 million, partially offset by a reversal of part of the 2015 bonus expense during 2016, as executive officers were not paid a bonus during 2016, as well as an overall decrease in headcount.
Other income (expense), net
Interest expense. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 of $0.5 million and $0.8 million, respectively, was related to interest expense on our outstanding borrowings under the 2014 Credit Facility. Interest expense consists primarily of the stated interest of 8.1% per year due on outstanding borrowings. It also includes expense related to the final payment of 6% of amounts drawn down that is being recorded over the term through the maturity date using the effective-interest method and the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts relating to the 2014 Credit Facility.
Interest income. Interest income of $0.9 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, was related to interest earned on our marketable securities balances.
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net. We had foreign currency transaction losses of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses consisted of the realized and unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency-denominated cash balances, vendor payables and tax-related receivables from the Australian government, generally reflecting the fluctuation of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.
Results of Operations
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	  	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Statement of Operations Data:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Revenue	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	54,618	 	  	 	27,391	 	  	 	27,227	 	
General and administrative	  	 	19,195	 	  	 	8,141	 	  	 	11,054	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total operating expenses	  	 	73,813	 	  	 	35,532	 	  	 	38,281	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	  	 	(73,813	) 	  	 	(35,532	) 	  	 	(38,281	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Interest income	  	 	438	 	  	 	28	 	  	 	410	 	
Interest expense	  	 	(806	) 	  	 	(870	) 	  	 	64	 	
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net	  	 	(105	) 	  	 	(104	) 	  	 	(1	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total other income (expense), net	  	 	(473	) 	  	 	(946	) 	  	 	473	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(74,286	) 	  	$	(36,478	) 	  	$	(37,808	) 	

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Research and development expenses

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	    2015    	 	  	    2014    	 	  	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Direct research and development expenses by program:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Beloranib:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Pre-clinical and manufacturing	  	$	11,676	 	  	$	8,077	 	  	$	3,599	 	
Clinical trials	  	 	17,893	 	  	 	4,642	 	  	 	13,251	 	
Licensing, milestone and licensing maintenance fees	  	 	—  	 	  	 	7,019	 	  	 	(7,019	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Subtotal	  	 	29,569	 	  	 	19,738	 	  	 	9,831	 	
ZGN-839	  	 	4,854	 	  	 	1,086	 	  	 	3,768	 	
Second-generation MetAP2 inhibitors	  	 	5,842	 	  	 	476	 	  	 	5,366	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Subtotal	  	 	40,265	 	  	 	21,300	 	  	 	18,965	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Unallocated expenses:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Personnel related	  	 	6,122	 	  	 	2,771	 	  	 	3,351	 	
Non-cash stock-based compensation	  	 	2,930	 	  	 	490	 	  	 	2,440	 	
Consultants	  	 	3,772	 	  	 	2,359	 	  	 	1,413	 	
Other	  	 	1,529	 	  	 	471	 	  	 	1,058	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Subtotal	  	 	14,353	 	  	 	6,091	 	  	 	8,262	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total research and development expenses	  	$	54,618	 	  	$	27,391	 	  	$	27,227	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased $27.2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to increased costs of $9.8 million associated with our beloranib program, $8.3 million in our unallocated expenses, $5.4 million associated with our work on second-generation MetAP2 inhibitors and $3.8 million associated with our ZGN-839 program. Of the increase in our beloranib program, clinical trial expenses for beloranib increased by $13.3 million period over period as a result of timing of our clinical trials in 2015 and 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we had two ongoing clinical trials, our Phase 2b trial in patients with severe obesity complicated by type 2 diabetes (which achieved full enrollment of 152 patients in August 2015) and our U.S. Phase 3 trial in patients with PWS (which achieved full enrollment of 108 patients in May 2015). Prior to the FDA placing the IND for beloranib on full clinical hold in December 2015, we suspended dosing of patients in the randomized portion of both of these clinical trials in October 2015, following the partial clinical hold. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we had two ongoing clinical trials, however the number of patients varied greatly; our Phase 2a trial in patients with obesity caused by injury to the hypothalamus had a total of 14 patients (which achieved full enrollment in September 2014) and our U.S. Phase 3 trial in patients with PWS which had the first patient dosed in September of 2014 and had 33 patients enrolled as of December 31, 2014. Clinical trial activities undertaken by our Australian subsidiary are recorded net of a 45% research and development tax incentive from the Australian government. This tax incentive reduced our expenses by $1.4 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Additionally, pre-clinical and manufacturing costs increased by $3.6 million over the prior period primarily as a result of increased costs for toxicology studies required for our planned New Drug application, or NDA, submission. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $7.0 million in licensing, milestone and license maintenance fees due to the prior year achievement of a milestone related to the initiation of our Phase 3 clinical trial in beloranib, which we initiated in September 2014.
Unallocated expenses increased period over period primarily due to an increase in personnel related costs of $3.4 million, non-cash stock-based compensation of $2.4 million, $1.4 million in consultants and $1.1 million in other costs. Personnel related and non-cash stock-based compensation expenses increases resulted primarily from an increase in hiring. During 2015, we hired 17 new employees in research and development. Non-cash stock-
 
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based compensation was also impacted by our first annual stock option grant to employees during 2015. Other unallocated expenses are also driven by the increase in new hires, primarily travel expenses and facilities expenses.
Costs related to both ZGN-839 and second-generation MetAP2 inhibitors increased as a result of our increased focus on our early-stage programs in 2015, including work in chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology and contract manufacturing costs. Additionally, we worked to submit an IND in the fourth quarter of 2015 for ZGN-839.
General and administrative expenses

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	  	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Personnel related	  	$	4,285	 	  	$	2,241	 	  	$	2,044	 	
Non-cash stock-based compensation	  	 	5,652	 	  	 	1,063	 	  	 	4,589	 	
Professional fees	  	 	7,037	 	  	 	3,314	 	  	 	3,723	 	
Other	  	 	2,221	 	  	 	1,523	 	  	 	698	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total general and administrative expenses	  	$	19,195	 	  	$	8,141	 	  	$	11,054	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased $11.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to increased non-cash stock-based compensation of $4.6 million, increased professional and consulting fees of $3.7 million, personnel related costs of $2.0 million and increased other costs of $0.7 million period over period. The increase in non-cash stock-based compensation was due to granting additional stock-based awards to new hires and existing employees as well as an increase in the value of the awards. Professional and consulting fees increased primarily due to increased accounting and legal fees to support our operating as a public company and costs incurred for commercial-readiness activities related to PWS. Personnel related costs increased period over period primarily due to hiring additional employees. During 2015, we hired eight new employees in general and administrative roles. Other costs increased primarily due to increased insurance expense, travel, and information technology-related expenses to support our operating as a public company.
Other income (expense), net
Interest expense. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 of $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively, was related to interest expense on our outstanding borrowings under the credit facility that we entered into in March 2014. Interest expense consists primarily of the stated interest of 8.1% per year due on outstanding borrowings. It also includes expense related to the final payment of 6% of amounts drawn down that is being recorded over the term through the maturity date using the effective-interest method and the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount relating to the credit facility. The 2014 expense includes a $0.2 million fee which was due to the lenders upon the completion of our IPO in June 2014.
Interest income. Interest income of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 was related to interest earned on our marketable securities balances.
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net. We had foreign currency transaction losses of $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Foreign currency transactions gains and losses consisted of the realized and unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency-denominated cash balances, vendor payables and tax-related receivables from the Australian government, generally reflecting the weakening of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.
 
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2016, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $129.2 million. We invest our cash in money market funds, commercial paper and corporate bonds, with the primary objectives to preserve principal, provide liquidity and maximize income without significantly increasing risk.
Since our inception in November 2005, we have not generated any revenue and have incurred recurring net losses. As of December 31, 2016, we had an accumulated deficit of $237.5 million. Prior to our IPO in June 2014, we funded our operations primarily through sales of redeemable convertible preferred stock and, to a lesser extent, through the issuances of convertible promissory notes and a loan security agreement. From our inception through our IPO in June 2014, we received gross proceeds of $104.0 million from such transactions. During June 2014, we completed our IPO with net proceeds of $102.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us. We also incurred offering costs of $2.5 million related to the IPO. On January 28, 2015, we completed a follow-on offering of our common stock, which resulted in the sale of 3,942,200 shares at a price of $35.00 per share. We received net proceeds from the follow-on offering of $130.0 million based upon the price of $35.00 per share and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us. We also incurred offering costs of $0.5 million related to the follow-on offering.
On March 31, 2014, we entered into the 2014 Credit Facility, which provided for initial borrowings of $7.5 million and additional borrowings of up to $12.5 million. On that same date, we received proceeds of $7.5 million from the issuance of promissory notes under a term loan as part of the 2014 Credit Facility. Of the additional $12.5 million of borrowings that was available to us, $7.5 million was available to be drawn down until September 30, 2014 and $5.0 million was available to be drawn down for a 30-day period upon the completion of our IPO that occurred in June 2014. We elected not to draw down the $7.5 million or the $5.0 million and these amounts are no longer available to us. All promissory notes issued under the 2014 Credit Facility are collateralized by substantially all of our personal property, other than our intellectual property. There are no financial covenants associated with the 2014 Credit Facility; however, there are negative covenants restricting our activities, including limitations on dispositions, mergers or acquisitions; encumbering or granting a security interest in our intellectual property; incurring indebtedness or liens; paying dividends; making certain investments; and certain other business transactions.
Upon entering into this 2014 Credit Facility, we were obligated to make monthly, interest-only payments on any term loans funded under the 2014 Credit Facility until December 1, 2014 and, thereafter, to pay 36 consecutive, equal monthly installments of principal and interest from January 1, 2015 through December 1, 2017. As per the terms of the agreement, in June 2014, upon the completion of our IPO, the term of monthly, interest-only payments was extended until June 1, 2015. Outstanding term loans under the 2014 Credit Facility bear interest at an annual rate of 8.1%. In addition, a final payment equal to 6.0% of any amounts drawn under the facility is due upon the earlier of the maturity date, acceleration of the term loans or prepayment of all or part of the term loans. We were also obligated to pay a separate fee upon any initial public offering; a sale of substantially all of our assets; or a merger, reorganization or sale of our voting equity securities where existing voting stockholders hold less than 50% of voting equity securities after such a transaction.
The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented below:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Cash used in operating activities	  	$	(51,975	) 	  	$	(59,554	) 	  	$	(28,241	) 	
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities	  	 	51,447	 	  	 	(92,118	) 	  	 	(57,315	) 	
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities	  	 	(2,715	) 	  	 	129,164	 	  	 	108,142	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	  	$	(3,243	) 	  	$	(22,508	) 	  	$	22,586	 	

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Net cash used in operating activities
During the year ended December 31, 2016, operating activities used $52.0 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $57.9 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $5.5 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $11.4 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities related to our beloranib program, our ZGN-1061 program, and our general and administrative expenses, as we had no revenue in the period. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2016, consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $10.1 million. Net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2016, consisted primarily of a $6.9 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets and a $1.0 million decrease in tax incentive receivable.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, operating activities used $59.6 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $74.3 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $8.0 million, and net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $6.7 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities related to our beloranib program, licensing milestones and our general and administrative expenses, as we had no revenue in the period. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2015, consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $8.6 million. Net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2015, consisted primarily of $4.9 million increase in accounts payable and a $3.2 million increase in accrued expenses, partially offset by a $0.4 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets and a $1.0 million increase in tax incentive receivable.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, operating activities used $28.2 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $36.5 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $5.3 million, and net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $3.2 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities related to our beloranib program, licensing milestones and our general and administrative expenses, as we had no revenue in the period. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2014, consisted primarily of common stock issued in lieu of a milestone payment of $3.6 million and stock-based compensation expense of $1.6 million. Net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2014, consisted primarily of a $1.1 million decrease in tax incentive receivable, $0.8 million increase in accounts payable and a $2.3 million increase in accrued expenses, partially offset by a $1.1 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
During the year ended December 31, 2016, investing activities provided $51.4 million of cash resulting from proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities of $188.6 million, offset by the use of cash for purchases of marketable securities of $136.5 million and purchases of property and equipment of $0.7 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, investing activities used $92.1 million of cash resulting from purchases of marketable securities of $287.5 million and purchases of equipment of $0.6 million. These uses were partially offset by proceeds from maturities of marketable securities of $196.0 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, we purchased marketable securities of $57.2 million. We also purchased equipment of $0.1 million and paid a security deposit on our new office lease of $0.1 million.
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
During the year ended December 31, 2016, financing activities used $2.9 million for payments related to our notes payable, partially offset by $0.2 million received from proceeds relating to the exercise of common stock options and common stock purchased under our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
 
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During the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash provided by financing activities was $129.2 million as a result of proceeds of $129.6 million from our follow-on public offering, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, as well as $1.0 million received from proceeds relating to the exercise of common stock options, offset by payments of $1.4 million related to our note payable.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, net cash provided by financing activities was $108.1 million as a result of proceeds of $102.7 million from our IPO, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, of $7.4 million from the issuance of debt and of $0.4 million from issuances of our Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock, the total of which was partially offset by payments of $2.3 million of offering costs related to our IPO that were paid during the year.
Operating Capital Requirements
ZGN-1061 is currently in Phase 1 clinical development, therefore we expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will continue to incur expenses, if and as we:
 
 	•	 	advance the development of ZGN-1061 through a Phase 1 clinical trial and if successful, later-stage clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	seek to identify additional product candidates and indications for our product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	seek to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	add operational, financial and management information systems;	
 
 	•	 	add personnel, including personnel to support our product development and future commercialization; and	
 
 	•	 	maintain, leverage and expand our intellectual property portfolio.	
We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2016, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development ZGN-1061 and because the extent to which we may enter into collaborations with third parties for the development of these product candidates is unknown, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the research and development of our product candidates. Our future capital requirements for ZGN-1061 will depend on many factors, including:
 
 	•	 	the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review;	
 
 	•	 	the costs of future research and development activities, including clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims;	
 
 	•	 	the extent to which we acquire or in-license other products, product candidates, or technologies; and	
 
 	•	 	our ability to establish any future collaboration arrangements on favorable terms, if at all.	
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt
 
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financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may require the issuance of warrants, which could potentially dilute their ownership interest. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market ZGN-1061 that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
Since our inception in 2005, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or our earned tax credits, due to our uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2016, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $49.1 million and $35.9 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2030, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, we did not record deferred tax assets of $12.8 million (gross) that were attributable to stock option exercises which will be recorded as an increase in additional paid in capital once they are realized in accordance with accounting for stock-based compensation awards. These deductions are not reflected in the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and the capitalized research and development expense deferred tax assets in the amounts of $9.4 million, $7.2 million, and $3.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, we also had available tax credit carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $13.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2021, respectively We have not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change, generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in the equity ownership of our corporate entity over a three-year period, has occurred or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our inception, due to the significant costs and complexities associated with such studies. Accordingly, our ability to utilize our tax carryforwards may be limited. Additionally, U.S. tax laws limit the time during which these carryforwards may be utilized against future taxes. As a result, we may not be able to take full advantage of these carryforwards for federal and state tax purposes.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2016 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods:

 	  	Payments Due by Period	 	
 	  	Total (2) (3)	 	  	Less Than
1 Year	 	  	1-3 Years	 	  	3-5 Years	 	  	More Than
5 Years	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Operating lease commitments (1)	  	$	488	 	  	$	300	 	  	$	188	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	
Debt commitments (4)	  	 	3,774	 	  	 	3,774	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	4,262	 	  	$	4,074	 	  	$	188	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	

(1)	We entered into an operating lease for office space in Boston, Massachusetts on May 15, 2014, effective as of July 28, 2014, with a term expiring on July 31, 2017, and an option to extend the lease for three additional years. In March 2015, we entered into an operating lease for additional office space in Boston, Massachusetts, effective as of April 15, 2015, with a term expiring on July 31, 2017, and two options to extend the lease for three additional years each. In October 2015, we entered into an operating lease for office space in San Diego, California, effective as of October 1, 2015, with a term expiring on September 30, 2019, and an option to extend the lease for five additional years. In January 2017, we extended the leases for both office spaces in Boston, Massachusetts, with new terms expiring on July 31, 2020. We are currently in ongoing negotiations regarding the financial terms of these extensions. In addition, we have subleased 2,976 square feet of office space in Boston, Massachusetts to an unrelated third	
 
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 	party beginning on January 1, 2017 and expiring on December 31, 2017 and we expect to receive approximately $0.1 million in sublease rental income.	
(2)	We have acquired exclusive rights to develop patented compounds and related know-how under licensing agreements for beloranib with two third parties. The licensing rights obligate us to make payments to the licensors for license fees, milestones, license maintenance fees and royalties. We are also responsible for patent prosecution costs. We are obligated to make future milestone payments under these agreements of up to $12.3 million, upon achieving certain pre-commercialization milestones, such as clinical trials and government approvals, and up to $12.5 million upon achieving certain product commercialization milestones. In addition, under one of the license agreements, we are obligated to pay up to $1.3 million with respect to each subsequent licensed product, if any, that is a new chemical entity. For the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded an expense of $7.0 million in our consolidated financial statements, for milestones achieved under these licensing agreements during 2014. In addition, we will owe single-digit royalties on sales of commercial products developed using these licensed technologies, if any. We are obligated to pay to the licensors a percentage of fees received if and when we sublicense the technologies. As of December 31, 2016, we had not yet developed a commercial product using the licensed technologies and we had not entered into any sublicense agreements for the technologies.	
(3)	We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with clinical research organizations for clinical trials, pre-clinical research studies and testing, manufacturing and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination upon notice, and therefore we believe that our non-cancelable obligations under these agreements are not material.	
(4)	Debt commitments include principal, interest, and a 6% final payment of the amounts drawn under the credit facility.	
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
During the periods presented we did not have and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under Securities and Exchange Commission rules, such as relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, which are often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, established for the purpose of facilitating financing transactions that are not required to be reflected on our balance sheets.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Please read Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our business.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk
Our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities as of December 31, 2016 consisted of cash, corporate bonds, commercial paper, and money market accounts. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal, provide liquidity and maximize income without significantly increasing risk. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. If market interest rates were to increase immediately and uniformly by 50 basis points, or one-half of a percentage point, from levels as of December 31, 2016, the net fair value of our interest-sensitive financial instruments would have resulted in a hypothetical decline of $0.2 million.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Foreign currency transaction exposure results primarily from transactions with our contract research organizations, or CROs, and other providers related to our clinical trials that are denominated in currencies other
 
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than the functional currency of the legal entity in which the transaction is recorded by us, primarily the Australian dollar. Any transaction gains or losses resulting from currency fluctuations is recorded on a separate line in our consolidated statement of operations. Net foreign currency transaction losses of less than $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $0.1 million were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Currently, our largest foreign currency exposures are those with respect to the Australian dollar. Relative to foreign currency exposures existing as of December 31, 2016, a 10% unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates would expose us to an increased net loss. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we estimated that a 10% unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates would have increased our net loss by $0.2 million. This amount is based on a sensitivity analysis performed on our financial position as of December 31, 2016. We have experienced and will continue to experience fluctuations in our net income (loss) as a result of revaluing our assets and liabilities that are not denominated in the functional currency of the entity that recorded the asset or liability. At this time, we do not hedge our foreign currency risk.
 
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 	  	Page	 	
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	  	 	80	 	
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015	  	 	81	 	
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014	  	 	82	 	
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014	  	 	83	 	
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December  31, 2016, 2015 and 2014	  	 	84	 	
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	  	 	85	 	
 
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Zafgen, Inc.
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of changes in redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) and of cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Zafgen, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
March 10, 2017
 
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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item  1. Financial Statements
ZAFGEN, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)

 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Assets	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current assets:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	  	$	32,352	 	 	$	35,595	 	
Marketable securities	  	 	96,842	 	 	 	149,484	 	
Tax incentive receivable	  	 	347	 	 	 	1,323	 	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	  	 	1,358	 	 	 	1,708	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current assets	  	 	130,899	 	 	 	188,110	 	
Property and equipment, net	  	 	661	 	 	 	902	 	
Other assets	  	 	61	 	 	 	94	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total assets	  	$	131,621	 	 	$	189,106	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current liabilities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	  	$	2,572	 	 	$	7,495	 	
Accrued expenses	  	 	3,733	 	 	 	6,112	 	
Notes payable, current	  	 	3,589	 	 	 	2,936	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current liabilities	  	 	9,894	 	 	 	16,543	 	
Notes payable, net of discount, long-term	  	 	—  	 	 	 	3,453	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total liabilities	  	 	9,894	 	 	 	19,996	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stockholders’ equity:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Preferred stock; $0.001 par value per share; 5,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2016 and 2015; no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015	  	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 115,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2016 and 2015; 27,332,551 and 27,242,503 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively	  	 	27	 	 	 	27	 	
Additional paid-in capital	  	 	359,329	 	 	 	348,961	 	
Accumulated deficit	  	 	(237,549	) 	 	 	(179,671	) 	
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	  	 	(80	) 	 	 	(207	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total stockholders’ equity	  	 	121,727	 	 	 	169,110	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	  	$	131,621	 	 	$	189,106	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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ZAFGEN, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
Revenue	  	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	39,936	 	 	 	54,618	 	 	 	27,391	 	
General and administrative	  	 	18,289	 	 	 	19,195	 	 	 	8,141	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total operating expenses	  	 	58,225	 	 	 	73,813	 	 	 	35,532	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	  	 	(58,225	) 	 	 	(73,813	) 	 	 	(35,532	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	  	 	894	 	 	 	438	 	 	 	28	 	
Interest expense	  	 	(529	) 	 	 	(806	) 	 	 	(870	) 	
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net	  	 	(18	) 	 	 	(105	) 	 	 	(104	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total other income (expense), net	  	 	347	 	 	 	(473	) 	 	 	(946	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	 	(57,878	) 	 	 	(74,286	) 	 	 	(36,478	) 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	  	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(92	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	  	$	(57,878	) 	 	$	(74,286	) 	 	$	(36,570	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	  	$	(2.12	) 	 	$	(2.78	) 	 	$	(3.00	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	  	 	27,297,934	 	 	 	26,756,079	 	 	 	12,189,155	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Comprehensive loss:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(57,878	) 	 	$	(74,286	) 	 	$	(36,478	) 	
Other comprehensive loss:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities	  	 	127	 	 	 	(172	) 	 	 	(35	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total other comprehensive loss	  	 	127	 	 	 	(172	) 	 	 	(35	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total comprehensive loss	  	$	(57,751	) 	 	$	(74,458	) 	 	$	(36,513	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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ZAFGEN, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(In thousands, except share data)

 	 	Series A, B, C, D and E
Redeemable
Convertible Preferred
Stock	 	 	Common Stock	 	 	Additional
Paid-in
Capital	 	 	Accumulated
Deficit	 	 	Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss	 	 	Total
Stockholders’
Equity
(Deficit)	 	 	
 	 	Shares	 	 	Amount	 	 	Shares	 	 	Par
Value	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at December 31, 2013	 	 	94,483,404	 	 	$	103,797	 	 	 	729,391	 	 	$	1	 	 	$	332	 	 	$	(68,907	) 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	(68,574	) 	 	 	 	
Issuance of Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs of $1	 	 	204,101	 	 	 	442	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	 	 	—  	 	 	 	92	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(92	) 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(92	) 	 	 	 	
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock	 	 	(94,687,505	) 	 	 	(104,331	) 	 	 	15,077,621	 	 	 	15	 	 	 	104,316	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	104,331	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	6,900,000	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	100,157	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	100,164	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	398	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock in lieu of milestone payment	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	171,750	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	3,569	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	3,569	 	 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	1,553	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	1,553	 	 	 	 	
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(35	) 	 	 	(35	) 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(36,478	) 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(36,478	) 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at December 31, 2014	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	22,879,160	 	 	 	23	 	 	 	209,838	 	 	 	(105,385	) 	 	 	(35	) 	 	 	104,441	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	3,942,200	 	 	 	4	 	 	 	129,567	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	129,571	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	418,241	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	974	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	974	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of restricted stock units	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	2,902	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	8,582	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	8,582	 	 	 	 	
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(172	) 	 	 	(172	) 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(74,286	) 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(74,286	) 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at December 31, 2015	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	27,242,503	 	 	 	27	 	 	 	348,961	 	 	 	(179,671	) 	 	 	(207	) 	 	 	169,110	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	72,663	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	220	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	220	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	5,564	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	35	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	35	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of restricted stock units	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	11,821	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	10,113	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	10,113	 	 	 	 	
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	127	 	 	 	127	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(57,878	) 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(57,878	) 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at December 31, 2016	 	 	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	 	27,332,551	 	 	$	27	 	 	$	359,329	 	 	$	(237,549	) 	 	$	(80	) 	 	$	121,727	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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ZAFGEN, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
Cash flows from operating activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	$	(57,878	) 	 	$	(74,286	) 	 	$	(36,478	) 	
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	10,113	 	 	 	8,582	 	 	 	1,553	 	
Non-cash interest expense	 	 	43	 	 	 	62	 	 	 	46	 	
Depreciation expense	 	 	212	 	 	 	70	 	 	 	16	 	
Loss on disposal of research and development equipment	 	 	328	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	
Common stock issued in lieu of milestone payment	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	3,569	 	
Unrealized foreign currency transaction losses	 	 	6	 	 	 	82	 	 	 	93	 	
Premium on marketable securities, net	 	 	(340	) 	 	 	(2,036	) 	 	 	(225	) 	
Amortization of premium on marketable securities	 	 	1,037	 	 	 	1,243	 	 	 	31	 	
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	 	 	413	 	 	 	(363	) 	 	 	(1,121	) 	
Tax incentive receivable	 	 	970	 	 	 	(1,014	) 	 	 	1,133	 	
Accounts payable	 	 	(4,625	) 	 	 	4,914	 	 	 	815	 	
Accrued expenses	 	 	(2,254	) 	 	 	3,192	 	 	 	2,327	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash used in operating activities	 	 	(51,975	) 	 	 	(59,554	) 	 	 	(28,241	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from investing activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities	 	 	188,600	 	 	 	195,987	 	 	 	—  	 	
Purchases of marketable securities	 	 	(136,528	) 	 	 	(287,491	) 	 	 	(57,200	) 	
Purchases of property and equipment	 	 	(660	) 	 	 	(595	) 	 	 	(58	) 	
Deposits for leased property	 	 	35	 	 	 	(19	) 	 	 	(57	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	 	 	51,447	 	 	 	(92,118	) 	 	 	(57,315	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from financing activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	442	 	
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable, net of issuance costs	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	7,386	 	
Payments of debt offering costs	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(49	) 	
Repayments of notes payable	 	 	(2,935	) 	 	 	(1,381	) 	 	 	—  	 	
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options and employee stock purchase plan	 	 	220	 	 	 	974	 	 	 	3	 	
Proceeds from public offerings, net of commissions and underwriting discounts	 	 	—  	 	 	 	130,044	 	 	 	102,672	 	
Payments of public offering costs	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(473	) 	 	 	(2,312	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	 	 	(2,715	) 	 	 	129,164	 	 	 	108,142	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	 	 	(3,243	) 	 	 	(22,508	) 	 	 	22,586	 	
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	 	 	35,595	 	 	 	58,103	 	 	 	35,517	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	 	$	32,352	 	 	$	35,595	 	 	$	58,103	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption values	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	92	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred offering costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	148	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property and equipment included in accounts payable	 	$	—  	 	 	$	298	 	 	$	—  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Conversion of redeemable preferred stock to common stock	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	104,331	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Conversion of milestone liabilities to common stock	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	3,569	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash paid for interest	 	$	388	 	 	$	584	 	 	$	632	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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ZAFGEN, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Nature of the Business and Basis of Presentation
Zafgen, Inc., or the Company, was incorporated on November 22, 2005 under the laws of the State of Delaware. The Company is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to significantly improving the health and well-being of patients affected by metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity. The Company is focused on developing novel therapeutics that treat the underlying biological mechanisms through the methionine aminopeptidase 2 (“MetAP2”) pathway. The Company has pioneered the study of MetAP2 inhibitors in both common and rare forms of obesity. The Company’s lead product candidate is ZGN-1061, a novel fumagillin-class MetAP2 inhibitor administered by subcutaneous injection, which is currently being profiled for its utility in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity. Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to research and development, recruiting management, acquiring operating assets and raising capital.
On July 19, 2016, the Company announced that it was refocusing its resources on the development of ZGN-1061 and suspending further development of beloranib, a first generation MetAP2 inhibitor, that it had been developing as a treatment for obesity and hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome (“PWS”) and for hypothalamic injury-associated obesity (“HIAO”). The beloranib Investigational New Drug application (“IND”), was placed on full clinical hold in December 2015 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) as a result of an imbalance in the number of thrombotic events observed in patients treated with beloranib as compared to patients on placebo in the Company’s clinical trials. To address the full clinical hold, the Company held a Type A meeting with the FDA in June 2016 to discuss the clinical and pre-clinical data for beloranib, as well as a proposed risk mitigation strategy for beloranib in PWS. Following its discussions with the FDA, a comprehensive review of the Company’s assets and clinical programs, and review of other considerations, the Company determined that the obstacles, costs and development timelines to obtain marketing approval for beloranib were too great to justify additional investment in the program, particularly given the promising emerging profile of ZGN-1061. In connection with its corporate refocusing, the Company reduced its workforce by approximately 31% as of December 2016. In addition, in January 2016, the Company withdrew the IND submitted to the FDA for ZGN-839, a liver targeted MetAP2 inhibitor for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH, and abdominal obesity, in order to further support the submission package with additional preclinical and clinical data requested by the FDA, and in October 2016, the Company suspended further development of ZGN-839. The Company is now focusing all of its personnel and financial resources on ZGN-1061 and the discovery of novel and highly-differentiated MetAP2 inhibitors.
The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, dependence on key personnel, compliance with government regulations and the need to obtain additional financing. Product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel infrastructure, and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities.
The Company’s product candidates are all in the development stage. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development will be successfully completed, that adequate protection for the Company’s intellectual property will be obtained, that any product candidates developed will obtain necessary government regulatory approval or that any approved products will be commercially viable. Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will generate significant revenue from product sales. The Company operates in an environment of rapid change in technology and substantial competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. In addition, the Company is dependent upon the services of its employees and consultants.
 
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The Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $237.5 million. From its inception through December 31, 2016, the Company received net proceeds of $333.3 million from the sales of redeemable convertible preferred stock, the issuance of convertible promissory notes, the proceeds from its initial public offering (“IPO”) in June 2014 and its follow-on offering in January 2015. Until such time, if ever, as the Company can generate substantial product revenue, the Company expects to finance its cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other sources of funding. If the Company is unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, the Company may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market products or product candidates that the Company would otherwise prefer to develop and market itself. Based on its current operating plans, the Company believes its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $129.2 million as of December 31, 2016 will be sufficient to fund its anticipated level of operations and capital expenditures for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report.
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries Zafgen Securities Corporation, Zafgen Australia Pty Limited, and Zafgen Animal Health, LLC. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual of research and development expenses and the valuation of stock-based awards. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.
Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of ninety days or less at acquisition date to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents, which consist of money market funds, U.S. government securities, corporate bonds, and commercial paper, are stated at fair value.
Concentration of Credit Risk and of Significant Suppliers
Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company has all cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances at two accredited financial institutions in amounts that exceed federally insured limits. The Company does not believe that it is subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.
The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply products for research and development activities in its programs. In particular, the Company relies and expects to continue to rely on a small number of manufacturers to supply it with its requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs related to these programs. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs.
 
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Marketable securities
Marketable securities consist of investments with original maturities greater than ninety days. The Company has classified its investments with maturities beyond one year as short term, based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent the investment of cash that is available for current operations. The Company considers its investment portfolio of investments as available-for-sale. Accordingly, these investments are recorded at fair value, which is based on quoted market prices. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other than temporary are included as a component of other income (expense), net based on the specific identification method. When determining whether a decline in value is other than temporary, the Company considers various factors, including whether the Company has the intent to sell the security, and whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis. Fair value is determined based on quoted market prices.
Deferred Offering Costs
The Company capitalizes certain legal, accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as other assets until such financings are consummated. After consummation of the equity financing, these costs are recorded in stockholders’ equity (deficit) as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the offering or as a reduction to the carrying value of preferred stock issued.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is recognized using the straight-line method over a five-year estimated useful life for equipment, furniture and fixtures and office equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the asset life or the term of the lease agreement. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance of assets are charged to expense as incurred. Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets disposed of are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in loss from operations.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment. Long-lived assets to be held and used are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends, and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If an impairment review is performed to evaluate a long-lived asset for recoverability, the Company compares forecasts of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the long-lived asset to its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset are less than its carrying amount. The impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset over its fair value, determined based on discounted cash flows. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment losses on long-lived assets.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Included in research and development expenses are wages, stock-based compensation and benefits of employees, third-party license fees and milestones and other operational costs related to the Company’s research and development activities, including facility-related expenses and external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct pre-clinical studies, manufacturing activities, and clinical trials. The Company records research and development expenses net of any research and development tax incentives the Company is entitled to receive from government authorities.
 
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Research Contract Costs and Accruals
The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with research institutions and other companies both inside and outside of the United States. These agreements are generally cancelable, and related payments are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates. The Company’s historical accrual estimates have not been materially different from the actual costs.
Patent Costs
All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are recorded as general and administrative expenses as incurred, as recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain.
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation
The Company measures all stock options and other stock-based awards granted to employees and directors at the fair value on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of the awards is recognized as expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The straight-line method of expense recognition is applied to all awards with service-only conditions.
For stock-based awards granted to consultants and nonemployees, compensation expense is recognized over the period during which services are rendered by such consultants and nonemployees until completed. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to completion of the service, the fair value of these awards is re-measured using the then-current fair value of the Company’s common stock and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.
The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipients’ service payments are classified.
The Company recognizes compensation expense for only the portion of awards that are expected to vest. In developing a forfeiture rate estimate, the Company has considered its historical experience to estimate pre-vesting forfeitures for service-based awards.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.
The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position
 
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must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties.
Segment Data
The Company manages its operations as a single segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company’s singular focus is on advancing novel therapeutics for patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, severe obesity and obesity-related disorders. No revenue has been generated since inception, and all tangible assets are held in the United States.
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) that result from transactions and economic events other than those with stockholders. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company’s only element of other comprehensive loss was unrealized gain or loss on marketable securities.
Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Upon the closing of the Company’s IPO in June 2014, all of the Company’s outstanding redeemable convertible preferred shares were converted into shares of common stock. Prior to this conversion, the Company followed the two-class method when computing net income (loss) per share as the Company had issued shares that meet the definition of participating securities. The two-class method determines net income (loss) per share for each class of common and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The two-class method requires income available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income for the period had been distributed. The Company’s redeemable convertible preferred shares contractually entitled the holders of such shares to participate in dividends, but did not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in losses of the Company. Accordingly, the two-class method did not apply for periods in which the Company reported a net loss or a net loss attributable to common stockholders resulting from dividends or accretion related to its redeemable convertible preferred shares.
Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the diluted net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares, including potential dilutive common shares assuming the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and unvested restricted common shares, as determined using the treasury stock method. For periods in which the Company has reported net losses, diluted net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, since dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is antidilutive.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers  (Topic 606), which supersedes all existing revenue recognition requirements, including most industry-specific guidance. The new standard requires a company to recognize revenue when it
 
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transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the company expects to receive for those goods or services. The FASB has continued to issue accounting standards updates to clarify and provide implementation guidance related to Revenue from Contracts with Customers, including ASU 2016-08 , Revenue from Contract with Customers: Principal versus Agent Considerations , ASU 2016-10,  Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing , and ASU 2016-12,  Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients. These amendments address a number of areas, including the entity’s identification of its performance obligations in a contract, collectability, non-cash consideration, presentation of sales tax and an entity’s evaluation of the nature of its promise to grant a license of intellectual property and whether or not that revenue is recognized over time or at a point in time. These new standards will be effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2018. The Company could early adopt the standard for the year ending December 31, 2017. The Company plans to early adopt the standard as of January 1, 2017, although there is no impact of this new guidance on its consolidated financial statements as it does not currently have any revenue generating arrangements.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern. The new guidance addresses management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. Management’s evaluation should be based on relevant conditions and events that are known and reasonably knowable at the date that the financial statements are issued. The standard was effective for the annual reporting period ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual and interim periods thereafter. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. This guidance requires companies to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent on the balance sheet instead of separating deferred taxes into current and noncurrent amounts. This guidance allows for adoption on either a prospective or retrospective basis and will be effective on January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company elected to early adopt this guidance on December 31, 2015. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. This guidance will require that lease arrangements longer than 12 months result in an entity recognizing an asset and liability equal to the present value of the lease payments in the statement of financial position. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods therein. This standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This guidance involves several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. This guidance allows for adoption on either a prospective or retrospective basis and will be effective on January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance will have no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments . This guidance addresses the presentation and classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. The standard will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.
 
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Reclassifications
Prior period financial statement amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
3. Fair Value Measurements and Marketable Securities
Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets that have been measured at fair value as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and indicate the fair value of the hierarchy of the valuation inputs utilized to determine such fair value. In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Fair value determined by Level 2 inputs utilize observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices, for similar assets or liabilities, quoted market prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities. Fair values determined by Level 3 inputs are unobservable data points for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.
The following tables summarize the Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:

 	  	December 31, 2016	 	
 	  	Total	 	  	Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)	 	  	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	  	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Cash equivalents:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Money market funds	  	$	22,091	 	  	$	22,091	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	
Commercial paper	  	 	2,997	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	2,997	 	  	 	—  	 	
Corporate bonds	  	 	1,500	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	1,500	 	  	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total cash equivalents	  	 	26,588	 	  	 	22,091	 	  	 	4,497	 	  	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Marketable securities:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Corporate bonds	  	 	69,622	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	69,622	 	  	 	—  	 	
Commercial paper	  	 	27,220	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	27,220	 	  	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total marketable securities	  	 	96,842	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	96,842	 	  	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities	  	$	123,430	 	  	$	22,091	 	  	$	101,339	 	  	$	—  	 	

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 	  	December 31, 2015	 	
 	  	Total	 	  	Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)	 	  	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	  	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Cash equivalents:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Money market funds	  	$	13,231	 	  	$	13,231	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	
U.S. government securities	  	 	4,999	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	4,999	 	  	 	—  	 	
Commercial paper	  	 	4,697	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	4,697	 	  	 	—  	 	
Corporate bonds	  	 	3,000	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	3,000	 	  	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total cash equivalents	  	 	25,927	 	  	 	13,231	 	  	 	12,696	 	  	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Marketable securities:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Corporate bonds	  	 	125,516	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	125,516	 	  	 	—  	 	
Commercial paper	  	 	19,468	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	19,468	 	  	 	—  	 	
U.S. government securities	  	 	4,500	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	4,500	 	  	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total marketable securities	  	 	149,484	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	149,484	 	  	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities	  	$	175,411	 	  	$	13,231	 	  	$	162,180	 	  	$	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
The carrying amounts reflected in the consolidated balance sheets for tax incentive receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities. The carrying value of the Company’s outstanding notes payable approximates fair value (a Level 2 fair value measurement), reflecting interest rates currently available to the Company.
Marketable Securities
The following tables summarize the Company’s marketable securities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:

 	  	December 31, 2016	 	
 	  	Amortized
Cost	 	  	Gross
Unrealized
Gains	 	  	Gross
Unrealized
Losses	 	 	Fair Value	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Assets:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Corporate bonds (due within 1 year)	  	$	68,777	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	(54	) 	 	$	68,723	 	
Corporate bonds (due after 1 year through 2 years)	  	 	901	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	(2	) 	 	 	899	 	
Commercial paper (due within 1 year)	  	 	27,244	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	(24	) 	 	 	27,220	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	$	96,922	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	(80	) 	 	$	96,842	 	

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	December 31, 2015	 	
 	  	Amortized
Cost	 	  	Gross
Unrealized
Gains	 	  	Gross
Unrealized
Losses	 	 	Fair Value	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Assets:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Corporate bonds (due within 1 year)	  	$	112,828	 	  	$	1	 	  	$	(169	) 	 	$	112,660	 	
Corporate bonds (due after 1 year through 2 years)	  	 	12,885	 	  	 	3	 	  	 	(32	) 	 	 	12,856	 	
Commercial paper (due within 1 year)	  	 	19,478	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	(10	) 	 	 	19,468	 	
U.S. government securities (due within 1 year)	  	 	4,500	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	—  	 	 	 	4,500	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	$	149,691	 	  	$	4	 	  	$	(211	) 	 	$	149,484	 	

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4. Property and Equipment, net
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:

 	  	 	 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	Useful Life	 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	
 	  	 	 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Office equipment	  	 	5 years	 	  	$	372	 	  	$	359	 	
Furniture and fixtures	  	 	5 years	 	  	 	194	 	  	 	186	 	
Equipment	  	 	5 years	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	71	 	
Leasehold improvements	  	 	*	 	  	 	415	 	  	 	406	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	981	 	  	 	1,022	 	
Less: Accumulated depreciation	  	 	 	 	  	 	(320	) 	  	 	(120	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	$	661	 	  	$	902	 	

*	shorter of asset life or lease term	
Depreciation expense was $0.2 million, $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
5. Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:

 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Accrued payroll and related expenses	  	$	2,008	 	  	$	1,802	 	
Accrued research and development expenses	  	 	892	 	  	 	3,727	 	
Accrued restructuring	  	 	376	 	  	 	—  	 	
Accrued professional fees	  	 	347	 	  	 	422	 	
Accrued other	  	 	110	 	  	 	161	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	3,733	 	  	$	6,112	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
6. Notes Payable
The Company has outstanding amounts due under a loan and security agreement with Oxford Finance LLC and Midcap Financial, or the 2014 Credit Facility, entered into in March 2014. All promissory notes issued under the 2014 Credit Facility are collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s personal property, other than its intellectual property. There are no financial covenants associated with the 2014 Credit Facility; however, there are negative covenants restricting the Company’s activities, including limitations on dispositions, mergers or acquisitions; encumbering or granting a security interest in its intellectual property; incurring indebtedness or liens; paying dividends; making certain investments; and certain other business transactions.
Upon entering into the 2014 Credit Facility, the Company was obligated to make monthly, interest-only payments on any term loans funded under the 2014 Credit Facility until December 1, 2014 and, thereafter, to pay 36 consecutive, equal monthly installments of principal and interest from January 1, 2015 through December 1, 2017. As per the terms of the agreement, in June 2014, upon the completion of the Company’s IPO, the term of monthly, interest-only payments were extended until June 1, 2015. Outstanding term loans under the 2014 Credit Facility bear interest at an annual rate of 8.1%. In addition, a final payment equal to 6.0% of any amounts drawn under the 2014 Credit Facility is due upon the earlier of the maturity date, acceleration of the term loans or
 
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prepayment of all or part of the term loans. The Company accrues the final payment amount due of $0.5 million, to outstanding debt by charges to interest expense using the effective-interest method from the date of issuance through the maturity date.
The Company was obligated to pay a separate fee upon any IPO; a sale of substantially all of the Company’s assets; or a merger, reorganization or sale of the Company’s voting equity securities where existing voting stockholders hold less than 50% of voting equity securities after such transaction.
The 2014 Credit Facility also includes events of default, the occurrence and continuation of any of which provides the lenders the right to exercise remedies against the Company and the collateral securing the loans under the 2014 Credit Facility, including cash in the amount of the outstanding balance. These events of default include, among other things, failure to pay any amounts due under the 2014 Credit Facility, insolvency, the occurrence of a material adverse event, the occurrence of any default under certain other indebtedness and a final judgment against the Company in an amount greater than $0.3 million.
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, notes payable consist of the following:

 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Notes payable	  	 	3,183	 	
Debt discount, net of accretion	  	 	(9	) 	
Accretion related to final payment	  	 	415	 	
 	  	 	 	 	
Notes payable, net of discount, short term	  	$	3,589	 	

 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	2015	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Notes payable	  	$	6,119	 	
Less: current portion	  	 	(2,936	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	
Notes payable, net of current portion	  	 	3,183	 	
Debt discount, net of accretion	  	 	(36	) 	
Accretion related to final payment	  	 	306	 	
 	  	 	 	 	
Notes payable, net of discount, long term	  	$	3,453	 	
 	  	 	 	 	
As of December 31, 2016, the estimated future principal payments due are as follows:

Years Ending December 31,	  	 	 	
(in thousands)	  	 	 	
2017	  	$	3,183	 	
 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	$	3,183	 	
 	  	 	 	 	
During the years ended December 31, 2016 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized $0.5 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of interest expense related to the 2014 Credit Facility. The effective annual interest rate of the outstanding debt under the 2014 Credit Facility is approximately 10.8%.
7. Stockholders’ Equity
On January 28, 2015, the Company completed a follow-on offering of its common stock, which resulted in the sale of 3,942,200 shares at a price of $35.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds from the follow-on offering of $130.0 million based upon the price of $35.00 per share after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions paid by the Company. The Company also incurred offering costs of $0.5 million related to the follow-on offering.
 
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As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and restated, authorizes the Company to issue 5,000,000 shares of $0.001 par value preferred stock. The rights, preferences, restrictions, qualifications and limitations of such stock are to be determined by the Company’s board of directors.
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and restated, authorizes the Company to issue 115,000,000 shares of $0.001 par value common stock.
8. Stock-Based Awards
Stock Option Plans
The Company’s Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option Plan (the “2006 Plan”) provided for the Company to sell or issue common stock or restricted common stock, or to grant incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options for the purchase of common stock, to employees, members of the board of directors and consultants of the Company. The 2006 Plan was administered by the board of directors, or at the discretion of the board of directors, by a committee of the board. The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions were determined at the discretion of the board of directors, or a committee of the board of directors if so delegated, except that the exercise price per share of stock options could not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the share of common stock on the date of grant and the term of stock option could not be greater than ten years. The total number of shares of common stock that could have been issued under the 2006 Plan was 1,889,150 shares. Upon closing of the Company’s IPO, 168,221 shares reserved and not then subject to outstanding options were transferred to the 2014 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, and no further awards will be made under the 2006 Plan.
On June 5, 2014, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2014 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2014 Stock Option Plan”), which became effective upon the completion of the IPO of the Company’s shares of common stock in June 2014. The 2014 Stock Option Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, unrestricted stock awards, performance-share awards, cash-based awards and dividend equivalent rights. The number of shares initially reserved for issuance under the 2014 Stock Option Plan is 2,168,221 shares of common stock and may be increased by the number of shares under the 2006 Plan that are not needed to fulfill the Company’s obligations for awards issued under the 2006 Plan as a result of forfeiture, expiration, cancellation, termination or net issuances of awards thereunder. The number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2014 Stock Option Plan is also subject to increase on the first day of each fiscal year by the lesser of (i) 4% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock as of that date, or (ii) an amount determined by the board of directors. As of December 31, 2016, 2,107,295 shares are available for grant under the 2014 Stock Option Plan, including 1,089,700 shares automatically added to the 2014 Stock Option Plan on January 1, 2016 as a result of a provision in the 2014 Stock Option Plan.
The Company generally grants stock-based awards with service conditions only (“service-based” awards).
As required by the 2006 Plan and 2014 Stock Option Plan, the exercise price for stock options granted is not to be less than the fair value of common shares as of the date of grant. Prior to the IPO, the value of common stock was determined by the board of directors by taking into consideration its most recently available valuation of common shares performed by management and the board of directors as well as additional factors which might have changed since the date of the most recent contemporaneous valuation through the date of grant.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company granted stock options for the purchase of 1,527,559 shares of common stock, of which options for the purchase of 1,519,559 shares were granted to employees and directors and options for the purchase of 8,000 shares were granted to a consultant.
 
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During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company granted stock options for the purchase of 992,505 shares of common stock, of which options for the purchase of 988,505 shares were granted to employees and directors and options for the purchase of 4,000 shares were granted to a consultant.
2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
On June 5, 2014, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). A total of 265,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under this plan. The ESPP became effective upon the completion of the IPO of the Company’s shares of common stock. The first offering period commenced on September 1, 2014 and ended on December 31, 2014. During both 2016 and 2015 there were two offering periods, January 1 through June 30 and July 1 through December 31. The per share purchase price for offerings is equal to the lesser of 85% of the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the first day or last day of the offering period. The Company issued 37,663 and 7,540 shares during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there are 219,797 and 257,460 shares, respectively, of common stock available for issuance to participating employees under the ESPP.
Stock Option Valuation
The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Prior to its IPO in June 2014, the Company was a private company and lacks company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, the Company estimates its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies and expects to continue to do so until such time as it has adequate historical data regarding the volatility of its own traded stock price. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The expected term of stock options granted to nonemployees is equal to the contractual term of the option award. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The assumptions that the Company used to determine the fair value of the stock options granted to employees and directors are as follows, presented on a weighted average basis:

 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
Risk-free interest rate	  	 	1.40	% 	 	 	1.75	% 	 	 	1.90	% 	
Expected term (in years)	  	 	6.18	 	 	 	6.25	 	 	 	6.25	 	
Expected volatility	  	 	87	% 	 	 	87	% 	 	 	90	% 	
Expected dividend yield	  	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	
The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity since December 31, 2015:

 	  	Shares Issuable
Under Options	 	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price	 	  	Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term	 	  	Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	  	(in years)	 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Outstanding as of December 31, 2015	  	 	2,555,110	 	 	$	19.76	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Granted	  	 	1,527,559	 	 	$	6.65	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Exercised	  	 	(35,000	) 	 	$	0.75	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Forfeited	  	 	(932,666	) 	 	$	16.90	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Outstanding as of December 31, 2016	  	 	3,115,003	 	 	$	14.40	 	  	 	7.2	 	  	$	1,038	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Options vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2016	  	 	3,080,777	 	 	$	14.40	 	  	 	7.2	 	  	$	1,038	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Options exercisable as of December 31, 2016	  	 	1,605,537	 	 	$	14.18	 	  	 	5.5	 	  	$	1,036	 	

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The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $0.1 million and $13.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The Company received cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options of less than $0.1 million and $0.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted to employees and directors during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $4.86, $28.97 and $11.73 per share, respectively.
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were outstanding unvested service-based stock options held by nonemployees for the purchase of 6,401 and 9,363 shares of common stock, respectively.
Restricted Stock Awards
The 2006 Plan provides for the award of restricted stock awards. The Company has granted restricted stock awards with time-based vesting conditions. Unvested shares of restricted stock awards may not be sold or transferred by the holder. These restrictions lapse according to the time-based vesting conditions of each award. The Company values restricted stock awards on the grant-date using the grant-date market price of the Company’s common stock.
There were no restricted stock awards that vested in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 or 2014. The aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock awards is calculated as the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date it vests and is released. The Company did not grant any restricted stock awards during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 or 2014. As of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, there were no unvested restricted stock awards subject to repurchase.
Restricted Stock Units
The 2014 Stock Option Plan provides for the award of restricted stock units. The Company has granted restricted stock units with time-based vesting conditions. The restrictions lapse according to the time based vesting conditions of each award. The Company values restricted stock units on the grant-date using the grant-date market price of the Company’s common stock.
The aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $0.1 million. There were no restricted stock units that vested in the year ended December 31, 2014. The aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock units is calculated as the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date it vests and is released. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company granted 13,273 and 4,769 restricted stock units, all of which vested during 2016 and 2015, respectively, at a weighted average grant-date fair value of $7.91 and $34.46, respectively. The Company did not grant any restricted stock units during the year ended December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, there were no unvested restricted stock units outstanding.
 
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Stock-based Compensation
The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted common stock in the following expense categories within its consolidated statements of operations:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Research and development	  	$	3,543	 	  	$	2,930	 	  	$	         490	 	
General and administrative	  	 	6,390	 	  	 	5,652	 	  	 	1,063	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	         9,933	 	  	$	         8,582	 	  	$	1,553	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2016, in connection with its strategic restructuring further discussed in Note 14, the Company recorded a one-time, non-cash stock option modification expense of $0.2 million, which is included in the stock-based compensation expense line items of both the consolidated statements of cash flows and the consolidated statements of changes in redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit).
As of December 31, 2016, the Company had an aggregate of $14.1 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation cost, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.2 years.
9. Net Loss Per Share
Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders was calculated as follows:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	  	(in thousands, except per share data)	 	
Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Numerator:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(57,878	) 	 	$	(74,286	) 	 	$	(36,478	) 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	  	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(92	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	  	$	(57,878	) 	 	$	(74,286	) 	 	$	(36,570	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Denominator:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	  	 	27,297,934	 	 	 	26,756,079	 	 	 	 12,189,155	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	  	$	(2.12	) 	 	$	(2.78	) 	 	$	(3.00	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The Company excluded the following common stock equivalents, outstanding as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 because they had an anti-dilutive impact due to the net loss attributable to common stockholders incurred for the periods:

 	  	As of December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	
Options to purchase common stock	  	 	    3,115,003	 	  	 	2,555,110	 	  	 	  2,008,574	 	

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10. Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
The Company has a lease for office space in Boston, Massachusetts, effective as of July 28, 2014, with a term expiring July 31, 2017 and an option to extend the lease for three additional years. In March 2015, the Company entered into an operating lease for additional office space in Boston, Massachusetts, effective as of April 15, 2015, with a term expiring on July 31, 2017, and two options to extend this lease for three additional years each. In October 2015, the Company entered into an operating lease for office space in San Diego, California, effective as of October 1, 2015, with a term expiring on September 30, 2019, and an option to extend this lease for five additional years. In January 2017, the Company extended the leases for both office spaces in Boston, Massachusetts with new terms expiring on July 31, 2020. The Company is currently in negotiations regarding the financial terms of these extensions. In addition, with the landlord’s consent, the Company have subleased 2,976 square feet of office space in Boston, Massachusetts to an unrelated third party beginning on January 1, 2017 and expiring on December 31, 2017, and the Company expects to receive approximately $0.1 million in sublease rental income.
Future minimum lease payments for its operating leases as of December 31, 2016 were as follows:

Years Ending December 31,	  	 	 	
(in thousands)	  	 	 	
2017	  	$	300	 	
2018	  	 	106	 	
2019	  	 	82	 	
 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	488	 	
 	  	 	 	 	
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized $0.4 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of rental expense related to office space.
Intellectual Property Licenses
The Company has acquired exclusive rights to develop patented compounds and related know-how for beloranib under two licensing agreements with two third parties in the course of its research and development activities. The licensing rights obligate the Company to make payments to the licensors for license fees, milestones, license maintenance fees and royalties. The Company is also responsible for patent prosecution costs. Related to these license agreements, the Company recorded research and development expenses in its consolidated statements of operations as follows:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
License, milestone, and license maintenance fees	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	7,019	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	7,019	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
As of December 31, 2016, the Company is obligated to make additional milestone payments of up to $12.3 million upon reaching certain pre-commercialization milestones, such as clinical trials and government approvals (including the FDA approval of a New Drug application, or NDA), and up to $12.5 million upon reaching certain product commercialization milestones related to the development of beloranib. Under one of the license agreements, the Company is also obligated to pay up to $1.3 million with respect to each subsequent licensed product, if any, that is a new chemical entity. In addition, the Company will owe single-digit royalties on sales of commercial products developed using these licensed technologies, if any.
 
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There were no milestones achieved during the years ended December 31, 2016 or 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recorded expenses of $7.0 million relating to milestones achieved in September 2014 upon the initiation of a first Phase 3 clinical trial including the cost of the issuance of common stock valued at $3.6 million. The Company is also obligated to pay to the licensors a percentage of fees received if and when the Company sublicenses the technology. As of December 31, 2016, the Company has not yet developed a commercial product using the licensed technologies and it has not entered into any sublicense agreements for the technologies.
Indemnification Agreements
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to vendors, lessors, business partners, and other parties with respect to certain matters including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with members of management team and the board of directors of the Company that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is, in many cases, unlimited. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnifications. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any claims under indemnification arrangements will have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows, and it has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2016.
Legal Proceedings
The Company accrues a liability for legal contingencies when it believes that it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and that the Company can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss. The Company reviews these accruals and adjusts them to reflect ongoing negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other relevant information. To the extent new information is obtained and the views on the probable outcomes of claims, suits, assessments, investigations or legal proceedings change, changes in the Company’s accrued liabilities would be recorded in the period in which such determination is made. In addition, in accordance with the relevant authoritative guidance, for any matters in which the likelihood of material loss is at least reasonably possible, the Company will provide disclosure of the possible loss or range of loss. If a reasonable estimate cannot be made, however, the Company will provide disclosure to that effect. The Company expenses legal costs as they are incurred.
On October 21, 2015, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, against the Company and Thomas E. Hughes, captioned Aviad Bessler v. Zafgen, Inc. and Thomas E. Hughes, No. 1:15-cv-13618. An amended complaint was filed on February 22, 2016. The amended complaint alleges violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5 based on allegedly false and misleading statements and omissions regarding the Company’s clinical trials for its drug beloranib. The lawsuit seeks, among other things, unspecified compensatory damages in connection with the Company’s allegedly inflated stock price between June 19, 2014 and October 16, 2015, as a result of those allegedly false and misleading statements, as well as punitive damages, interest, attorneys’ fees and costs. On April 7, 2016, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On August 9, 2016, the District Court granted the motion to dismiss and dismissed the amended complaint with prejudice. On August 12, 2016, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the First Circuit Court of Appeals and, on January 5, 2017, the parties completed briefing in connection with the appeal. The hearing on the plaintiffs’ appeal was held on March 7, 2017. The Company is unable to predict the ultimate outcome of this action and therefore cannot estimate possible losses or ranges of losses, if any.
The Company may periodically become subject to other legal proceedings and claims arising in connection with ongoing business activities, including claims or disputes related to patents that have been issued or that are
 
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pending in the field of research on which the Company is focused. Other than the above action, the Company is not aware of any other material claims as of December 31, 2016.
11. Income Taxes
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded no income tax benefits for the net operating losses incurred in each year due to its uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items.
The domestic and foreign components of loss before income taxes are as follows:

 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Domestic	  	$	(57,799	) 	  	$	(72,147	) 	  	$	(35,818	) 	
Foreign	  	 	(79	) 	  	 	(2,139	) 	  	 	(660	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Loss before income taxes	  	$	(57,878	) 	  	$	(74,286	) 	  	$	(36,478	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
Federal statutory income tax rate	  	 	(34.0	%) 	 	 	(34.0	%) 	 	 	(34.0	%) 	
Federal and state research and development tax credit	  	 	(2.9	) 	 	 	(3.9	) 	 	 	(1.9	) 	
State taxes, net of federal benefit	  	 	(3.9	) 	 	 	(3.9	) 	 	 	(4.0	) 	
Orphan drug tax credit	  	 	(1.3	) 	 	 	(3.5	) 	 	 	(3.2	) 	
Stock compensation expense	  	 	0.7	 	 	 	0.9	 	 	 	0.6	 	
Nondeductible Australia research and development expenses	  	 	—  	 	 	 	1.0	 	 	 	0.6	 	
Other items	  	 	1.3	 	 	 	0.1	 	 	 	2.4	 	
Change in deferred tax asset valuation allowance	  	 	40.1	 	 	 	43.3	 	 	 	39.5	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Effective income tax rate	  	 	0.0	% 	 	 	0.0	% 	 	 	0.0	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 consisted of the following:

 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Noncurrent deferred tax assets:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Capitalized research and development expenses	  	 	59,489	 	  	 	46,568	 	
Net operating loss carryforwards	  	 	14,991	 	  	 	11,186	 	
Tax credit carryforwards	  	 	14,297	 	  	 	11,570	 	
Capitalized legal expenses	  	 	2,119	 	  	 	1,773	 	
Stock-based compensation	  	 	6,027	 	  	 	2,780	 	
Accrued expenses	  	 	783	 	  	 	648	 	
Other temporary differences	  	 	14	 	  	 	16	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total noncurrent deferred tax assets	  	 	97,720	 	  	 	74,541	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total gross deferred tax assets	  	 	97,720	 	  	 	74,541	 	
Valuation allowance	  	 	(97,720	) 	  	 	(74,541	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Net deferred tax assets	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	

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Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 related primarily to the increase in net operating loss carryforwards, capitalized research and development expenses and tax credit carryforwards and were as follows:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Valuation allowance as of beginning of year	  	$	74,541	 	  	$	42,398	 	  	$	27,831	 	
Decreases recorded as benefit to income tax provision	  	 	—  	 	  	 	—  	 	  	 	—  	 	
Increases recorded to income tax provision	  	 	23,179	 	  	 	32,143	 	  	 	14,567	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Valuation allowance as of end of year	  	$	97,720	 	  	$	74,541	 	  	$	42,398	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
As of December 31, 2016, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $49.1 million and $35.9 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2030, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the Company did not record deferred tax assets of $12.8 million (gross) that were attributable to stock option exercises which will be recorded as an increase in additional paid in capital once they are realized in accordance with accounting for stock-based compensation awards. These deductions are not reflected in the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and the capitalized research and development expense deferred tax assets in the amounts of $9.4 million, $7.2 million, and $3.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the Company also had available tax credit carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $13.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2021, respectively. Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income.
In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. The Company has not conducted a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since inception due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such a study. If the Company has experienced a change of control, as defined by Section 382, at any time since inception, utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards or tax credit carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382, which is determined by first multiplying the value of the Company’s stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate, and then could be subject to additional adjustments, as required. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the net operating loss carryforwards or tax credit carryforwards before utilization. Further, until a study is completed and any limitation is known, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position.
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s gross deferred tax asset balance of $97.7 million and $74.5 million, respectively, was comprised principally of net operating loss carryforwards, capitalized research and development expenses and tax credit carryforwards. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, gross deferred tax assets increased due to additional net operating loss carryforwards, research and development tax credits generated and additional research and development expenses capitalized for tax purposes.
The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon its ability to realize the deferred tax assets. Management has considered the Company’s history of cumulative net losses incurred since inception and its lack of commercialization of any products or generation of any revenue from product sales since inception and has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established against the deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. Management reevaluates the positive and negative evidence at each reporting period.
 
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The Company has not recorded any amounts for unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2016 or 2015.
The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal and state jurisdictions, where applicable. There are currently no pending income tax examinations. The Company’s tax years are still open under statute from 2013 to the present for federal income tax purposes and from 2012 to the present for state purposes. Earlier years may be examined to the extent that tax credit or net operating loss carryforwards are used in future periods. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties related to income taxes as part of its income tax provision.
The Company considers only the direct effects of windfall tax deductions.
The deferred tax assets above exclude $9.4 million and $7.2 million of gross ($3.2 million and $0.4 million tax effected) federal and state net operating losses, respectively, and $3.4 million of gross ($1.3 million tax effected) capitalized research and development related to tax deductions from the exercise of stock options subsequent to the adoption of the 2006 accounting standard on stock-based compensation. This amount represents an excess tax benefit and has not been included in the gross deferred tax assets. The Company will adopt ASU No. 2016-09,  Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting , for the quarter ended March 31, 2017. As a result of adoption, the deferred tax assets associated federal and state net operating losses will increase by $9.4 million and $7.2 million gross ($3.2 million and $0.4 million tax effected), respectively, and capitalized research and development will increase by $3.4 million gross ($1.3 million tax effected). These amounts will be offset by a corresponding increase in the valuation allowance. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-09 will have no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
12. Retirement Plan
The Company has a Savings Incentive Match Plan, or SIMPLE IRA, for employees. Under the terms of the plan, the Company contributes 2% of an employee’s annual base salary, up to a maximum of the annual Internal Revenue Service compensation limits, for all full-time employees.
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized $0.2 million, $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively, of expense related to its contributions to the plan.
13. Australia Research and Development Tax Incentive
The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Zafgen Australia Pty Limited, which conducts core research and development activities on behalf of the Company, is eligible to receive a 45% refundable tax incentive for qualified research and development activities. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, $0.3 million, $1.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively, were recorded as a reduction to research and development expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. These amounts represented 45% of the Company’s qualified research and development spending in Australia. The refund is denominated in Australian dollars and, therefore, the related receivable is re-measured into U.S. dollars as of each reporting date. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded in its consolidated statements of operations unrealized foreign currency exchange gains (losses) of less than $(0.1) million, $(0.1) million and $(0.1) million, respectively, related to this tax incentive receivable. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s tax incentive receivable from the Australian government was $0.3 million and $1.3 million, respectively.
14. Restructuring
On July 19, 2016, the Company announced that following a comprehensive review of its assets and clinical programs, as well as feedback from regulatory authorities, the Company refocused its resources on development of a differentiated second-generation MetAP2 inhibitor, ZGN-1061. As part of the strategic restructuring, the Company reorganized its operations to align with its new priorities focused on ZGN-1061 development. The Company’s workforce was reduced by approximately 31% as of December 2016.
 
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During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded $1.4 million of restructuring-related costs in operating expense, including employee severance, benefits and related costs, as well as a stock option modification. The stock option modification was a one-time, non-cash expense of $0.2 million and is included in the stock-based compensation expense line items of both the consolidated statements of cash flows and the consolidated statements of changes in redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) as of December 31, 2016. The Company does not expect to incur any additional significant costs associated with this restructuring.
The following table summarizes the restructuring costs by category for the periods indicated:

 	  	Year Ended December 31, 2016	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
 	  	Cash	 	  	Non-cash	 	  	Total	 	
Research and development	  	$	455	 	  	$	7	 	  	$	462	 	
General and administrative	  	 	768	 	  	 	173	 	  	 	941	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	1,223	 	  	$	180	 	  	$	1,403	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
The following table summarizes the restructuring reserve for the periods indicated:

 	  	Year Ended
December 31, 2016	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Restructuring reserve beginning balance	  	$	—  	 	
Restructuring expenses incurred during the period	  	 	1,223	 	
Amounts paid during the period	  	 	(847	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	
Restructuring reserve ending balance	  	$	376	 	
 	  	 	 	 	
15. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
The following information has been derived from unaudited consolidated financial statements that, in the opinion of management, include all recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of such information.

 	  	Three Months Ended	 	
 	  	March 31,	 	  	June 30,	 	  	September 30,	 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2016	 	  	2016	 	  	2016	 	
 	  	(in thousands, except per share data)	 	
Revenue	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	
Operating expenses	  	 	17,857	 	  	 	15,062	 	  	 	14,831	 	  	 	10,475	 	
Net loss	  	 	(17,736	) 	  	 	(15,028	) 	  	 	(14,675	) 	  	 	(10,439	) 	
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	  	$	(0.65	) 	  	$	(0.55	) 	  	$	(0.54	) 	  	$	(0.38	) 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	  	 	27,263,435	 	  	 	27,272,225	 	  	 	27,322,907	 	  	 	27,332,515	 	
 	 	
 	  	Three Months Ended	 	
 	  	March 31,	 	  	June 30,	 	  	September 30,	 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	2015	 	  	2015	 	  	2015	 	  	2015	 	
 	  	(in thousands, except per share data)	 	
Revenue	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	  	$	—  	 	
Operating expenses	  	 	13,240	 	  	 	17,610	 	  	 	19,717	 	  	 	23,246	 	
Net loss	  	 	(13,472	) 	  	 	(17,756	) 	  	 	(19,884	) 	  	 	(23,174	) 	
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	  	$	(0.53	) 	  	$	(0.66	) 	  	$	(0.73	) 	  	$	(0.85	) 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	  	 	25,615,282	 	  	 	27,011,960	 	  	 	27,138,667	 	  	 	27,238,079	 	
 
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) are designed only to provide reasonable assurance that they will meet their objectives. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness, as of December 31, 2016, of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its 2013  Internal Control—Integrated Framework.  Based on this assessment, our management has concluded that as of December 31, 2016 our internal control over financial reporting is effective.
As an Emerging Growth Company, as defined under the terms of the Jobs Act of 2012, our independent registered accounting firm is not required to issue an attestation report on the internal control over financial reporting.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
 
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required under this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
 
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
 
(a)	1. Consolidated Financial Statements.	
For a list of the consolidated financial statements included herein, see Index on page 79 of this report.
2. Financial Statement Schedules.
All required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. List of Exhibits.
See the Exhibit Index in Item 15(b) below.
 
(b)	Exhibit Index.	

Exhibit No.	 	Description	
 	 	
  3.1	 	Ninth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as currently in effect (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 24, 2014)	
 	 	
  3.2	 	Amended and Restated By-laws of the Registrant, as currently in effect (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 24, 2014)	
 	 	
  4.1	 	Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
  4.2	 	Third Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement by and among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders dated November 25, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.1#	 	Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option Plan and forms of award agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.2#	 	2014 Stock Option and Incentive Plan and forms of award agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.3(a)†	 	Exclusive License Agreement by and between the Registrant and Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp. of South Korea, dated July 6, 2009, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.3(b)	 	Amendment No. 4 to Exclusive License Agreement by and between the Registrant and Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corporation, dated October 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3(b) of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-201439) filed on January 12, 2015)	
 	 	
10.4	 	Subscription Agreement by and between the Registrant and Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corporation, dated November 20, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-201439) filed on January 12, 2015)	
 	 	
10.5	 	Letter by and between the Registrant and Thomas E. Hughes, dated July 25, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 
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Exhibit No.	 	Description	
 	 	
10.6	 	Employee Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Confidentiality and Assignment Agreement by and between the Registrant and Thomas E. Hughes, dated July 29, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.7	 	Letter by and between the Registrant and Dennis D. Kim, dated August 23, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.8	 	Employee Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Confidentiality and Assignment Agreement by and between the Registrant and Dennis D. Kim, dated August 29, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.9	 	Letter by and between the Registrant and Patricia L. Allen, dated December 10, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.10	 	Employee Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Confidentiality and Assignment Agreement by and between the Registrant and Patricia L. Allen, dated August 29, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.11(a)	 	Form of Indemnification Agreement, to be entered into between the Registrant and its directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11(a) of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.11(b)	 	Form of Indemnification Agreement, to be entered into between the Registrant and its officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11(b) of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.12#	 	Senior Executive Cash Incentive Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.13†	 	Exclusive License Agreement by and between the Registrant and Children’s Medical Center Corporation, dated January 4, 2007, as amended January 15, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.14	 	Commercial Lease by and between the Registrant and Minerva Holdings, LLC, dated May 15, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.15	 	Commercial Lease by and between the Company and Contour LLC, dated March 30, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-36510) filed on May 14, 2015)	
 	 	
10.17#	 	2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.18	 	Letter by and between the Registrant and Patrick Loustau, dated June 3, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
10.19	 	Severance and Change in Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Thomas E. Hughes, PhD. dated as of June 30, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-36510) filed on August 5, 2016)	
 
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Exhibit No.	  	Description	
 	 	
10.20	  	Severance and Change in Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Patrick Loustau dated as of June 30, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-36510) filed on August 5, 2016)	
 	 	
10.21	  	Severance and Change in Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Alicia Secor dated as of June 30, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-36510) filed on August 5, 2016)	
 	 	
10.22	  	Severance and Change in Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Patricia Allen dated as of June 30, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-36510) filed on August 5, 2016)	
 	 	
10.23	  	Severance and Change in Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Dennis Kim, M.D., M.B.A. dated as of June 30, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-36510) filed on August 5, 2016)	
 	 	
16.1	  	Letter of Edelstein and Company LLP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 16.1 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-201439) filed on January 12, 2015)	
 	 	
21.1	  	Subsidiaries of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195391) filed on June 18, 2014)	
 	 	
23.1*	  	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm	
 	 	
31.1*	  	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	
 	 	
31.2*	  	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	
 	 	
32.1**	  	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	
 	 	
101*	  	Interactive Data Files regarding (a) our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, (b) our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, (c) our Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit), (d) our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and (e) the Notes to such Consolidated Financial Statements	
 
*	Filed herewith.	
**	Furnished herewith.	
†	Application has been made to the Securities and Exchange Commission for confidential treatment of certain provisions. Omitted material for which confidential treatment has been requested has been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.	
#	Represents management compensation plan.	
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
 
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 	 	ZAFGEN, INC.	
 	 	 	
Date: March 10, 2017	 	By:	 	/s/ Thomas E. Hughes, Ph.D.
Thomas E. Hughes, Ph.D.	
 	 	 	 	President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)	
 	 	 	
Date: March 10, 2017	 	By:	 	/s/ Patricia L. Allen
Patricia L. Allen	
 	 	 	 	Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name	  	Title	 	Date	
 	 	 	
/s/ Thomas E. Hughes, Ph.D.
Thomas E. Hughes, Ph.D.	  	President, Chief Executive Officer, and
Director
(Principal Executive Officer)	 	March 10, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Patricia L. Allen
Patricia L. Allen	  	Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and
Accounting Officer)	 	March 10, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Peter Barrett, Ph.D.
Peter Barrett, Ph.D.	  	Chairman of the Board of Directors	 	March 10, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Bruce Booth, Ph.D.
Bruce Booth, Ph.D.	  	Director	 	March 10, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Robert J. Perez
Robert J. Perez	  	Director	 	March 10, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Frances K. Heller
Frances K. Heller	  	Director	 	March 10, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ John L. LaMattina, Ph.D.
John L. LaMattina, Ph.D.	  	Director	 	March 10, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Cameron Geoffrey McDonough, M.D.
Cameron Geoffrey McDonough, M.D.	  	Director	 	March 10, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Frank E. Thomas
Frank E. Thomas	  	Director	 	March 10, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Thomas O. Daniel, M.D.
Thomas O. Daniel, M.D.	  	Director	 	March 10, 2017	
 
110

Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Forms S-8 (File Nos. 333-210216, 333-196900 and 333-204931) of Zafgen, Inc. of our report dated March 10, 2017 relating to the financial statements, which appears in this Form 10-K.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
March 10, 2017

Exhibit 31.1
Certification
I, Thomas E. Hughes, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 of Zafgen, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: March 10, 2017

/s/ Thomas E. Hughes	
Thomas E. Hughes
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)	

Exhibit 31.2
Certification
I, Patricia Allen, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 of Zafgen, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: March 10, 2017

/s/ Patricia Allen	
Patricia Allen
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	

Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Zafgen, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2016, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned officers hereby certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that to his or her knowledge:
 
1)	the Report which this statement accompanies fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and	
 
2)	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.	

Dated: March 10, 2017	  	/s/ Thomas E. Hughes	
 	  	 	
 	  	Thomas E. Hughes	
 	  	President and Chief Executive Officer	
 	  	(Principal Executive Officer)	
 	 	
Dated: March 10, 2017	  	/s/ Patricia Allen	
 	  	 	
 	  	Patricia Allen	
 	  	Chief Financial Officer	
 	  	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)